UC-NRLF 


BIOLOGY 
LIBRARY 


CONCHOLOGIA  CESTRICA. 


CONCHOLOGIA  CESTRICA. 


THE 


MOLLUSCOUS  ANIMALS 


AND  THEIR 


SHELLS, 

OF  CHESTER  COUNTY,  PA. 


WILLIAM  D.  HARTMAN,'  M.lC 


AND 


EZRA  MICHENER,  M.D. 


'  An  undevout  philosopher  is  mad. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

£LAXTON,  REMSEN  &  HAFFELFINGER, 

624,  626  &  628  MARKET  STREET. 

1874- 


BIOLOGY 
LIBRARY 


•  Ertf:ertd,'ffCGordn?g  ,*o'Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1874,  by 

CLAXTON,  REMSEN  &  HAFFELFINGER, 
in  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  at  Washington. 


>^_ ^,/v—        - 

J.   FAGAN    &    SON, 
ELECTROTYPERS,    PHILAD'A. 


'"PH  ROUGH  the  kindness,  and  liberality,  of  Professor  Joseph 
Henry,  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  we  have 
been  permitted  to  take  electrotype  copies  of  numerous  wood-cuts, 
originally  prepared  for  its  own  publications.*  —  In  this  way,  we 
have  been  enabled,  fully  to  illustrate  the  present  work — an  ad- 
vantage which  would,  otherwise,  have  been  unattainable,  on 
account  of  the  cost. 

*  The  figures  of  Unionida  were  drawn  from  nature,  and  cut  especially  for  the  present 
purpose. 


M90583 


PREFACE. 


THE  idea  has  been  long  entertained,  of  collecting  the 
Natural  Productions  of  Chester  County,  with  special 
reference  to  the  elucidation  of  its  Prospective  History.  With 
this  object  in  view,  THE  CABINET  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCE  OF 
CHESTER  COUNTY  was  organized,  in  the  year  1826.  From 
that  time  forward,  several  of  its  members  engaged,  with 
ardor,  in  the  work.  But  it  was  soon  discovered  that  the 
field  for  research  was  too  ample  —  the  labor  too  great  —  the 
laborers  too  few,  for  this  desideratum  to  be  speedily  attained. 
Yet,  much  has  been  accomplished. 

The  indefatigable  industry,  and  scientific  acumen,  of  the 
late  Doctor  William  Darlington,  has  left  little  more  to  be 
done,  in  Phxnogamous  and  Filicoid  Botany,  within  our 
limits.  ,  His  little  FLORULA  C^ESTRICA  appeared  in  1826.  It 
was  followed,  eleven  years  after,  by  the  more  extended,  and 
complete,  FLORA  C^ESTRICA.  This  was  greatly  enlarged,  and 
improved,  in  a  third  edition,  in  1853.  It  was  also  rendered 
more  comprehensive,  by  the  addition  of  the  remaining 
Anophyta  (the  Mosses  and  Liverworts}  furnished  by  Thomas 
P.James;  and  the  Thallophyta  (the  Lichens  and  Collemas} 
by  Dr.  E.  Michener. 


X  PREFACE. 

More  recently,  the  last  named  gentleman  has  collected, 
and  arranged,  an  extensive  herbarium  of  Hysterophyta  (he 
Fungi),  a  large  proportion  of  which  were  in  the  county. 

Thirty  years  ago,  Dr.  E.  Michener  collected,  and  pre- 
served, specimens  of  most  of  the  Mammalia,  Birds,  and  Rep- 
tiles, known  to  inhabit  Chester  County.  More  recently, 
Vincent  Bernard  successfully  occupied  the  same  field.  These 
important  collections  have  mostly  been  placed  in  the  Cabinet 
of  Swarthmore  College. 

The  proverbial  richness  of  our  county,  in  rare  and  valuable 
minerals,  is  amply  sustained,  and  illustrated,  by  the  splendid 
Mineralogical  Cabinets  of  William  W.  Jefferis,  and  other 
savans. 

Last,  but  not  least;  in  1853,  Dr.  William  D.  Hartman 
prepared  "A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  Terrestrial,  and 
Fluviatile,  Testaceous  Mollusks,  of  Chester  County"  con-, 
taining  fifty-nine  species.  The  cost  of  printing  prevented 
the  publication  at  that  time  of  more  than  "A  Classified 
Catalogue ' '  of  the  species. 

More  than  a  duplication  of  the  number  of  species  then 
known  to  inhabit  the  county,  and  the  progressive  improve- 
ments in  classification  and  nomenclature,  have  rendered 
that  Catalogue  obsolete,  and  imperiously  calls  for  one  more 
in  accordance  with  the  advanced  state  of  the  science.  Our 
wish,  and  desire,  is  to  supply  this  want.  And  we  entertain 
the  hope  that  our  effort  will  be  received  with  indulgence; 
and,  that  it  may  serve  to  diffuse  a  taste  for,  and  facilitate  the 
study  of,  this  interesting  branch  of  our  rich  Fauna  Cestrica 
among  our  young  naturalists. 

A  few  extra-limital  species  have  been  inserted,  from  the 
eastern  slope  of  the  mountain  range,  in  our  State ;  and  which 
may  yet  occur  within  this  county. 


PREFACE.  XI 

Our  manuscript  was  prepared  three  years  ago ;  and  its  pub- 
lication delayed  in  order  to  provide  the  illustrations.  The 
rapid  advance  of  the  science,  during  this  brief  period,  ren- 
dered it  necessary  that  we  should  re-arrange,  and  re-write,  a 
large  portion  of  it. 

Copious  materiel  exists  toward  the  remaining  OLOGIES  of 
the  Natural  History  of  Chester  County.  Who  will  undertake 
the  task  of  making  the  necessary  selections,  and  giving  them 
to  the  public  ? 


CONCHOLOGIA  CESTRICA. 


THE  MOLLUSCA. 

THE  term  Mollusca,  or  Mollusks,  is  applied  to  a 
numerous  division  of  the  animal  kingdom,  com- 
posed, as  the  name  implies,  of  soft-bodied,  or  gelatinous 
animals,  without  either  an  internal  skeleton,  or  articulated 
appendages.  They  are  either  terrestrial  (Geophila),  flu- 
viatile  (Limnophila),  or  marine  (Thalasiophila).  Their 
respiration  is  either  aerial  (pulmonary),  or  aquatic  (bran- 
chial). Some  aquatic  species  are  air-breathers,  and 
may  be  termed  amphibious.  They  are  either  naked,  or 
testaceous ;  the  latter  being  either  univalve,  or  bivalve. 
They  are  either  unisexual,  or  hermaphrodite. 

Mollusks  are,  generally,  more  or  less  inclosed  in  a 
thick,  dense  skin  (the  mantle),  which  varies  greatly  in 
form  and  extent,  in  different  species.  It  gives  attach- 
ment to  a  highly  complex  muscular  system  of  great 
irritability ;  which,  when  excited,  pours  out  a  copious 
secretion  of  mucus.  In  the  testaceous,  or  shell-bearing 
species,  the  appropriate  parts  of  the  mantle  secrete  the 
matter  which  constitutes  the  shell,  in  all  its  variety  of 
form  and  color. 

The  description,  and  classification,  of  those  shells,  so 

wonderfully  varied  in  form,  so  exquisitely  sculptured, 

so  richly  painted,  ONCE  CONSTITUTED  CONCHOLOGY.     It 

does    not   do    so    now.     In   the   zoological,  as   in   the 

2  13 


14  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


physical,  ;  science  V^ke;  watchword  is  —  Onward.  The 
form,  trie  sculpture,  the  painting,  of  the  shells  have  not 
:  changed;:  but  Jihe  inquiry,  has  gone  forth  —  Who  are 
the1  artistic  builders  of  those  beautiful  forms  ?  and  what 
is  their  organic,  and  life  history  ?  To  answer  these  in- 
quiries, they  have  been  interrogated  in  every  sea,  on 
every  shore,  on  the  land,  and  in  the  water,  and  sub- 
jected to  the  severest  microscopic  scrutiny.  The  stores 
of  information,  thus  brought  back,  whether  in  its  vast- 
ness,  or  its  minuteness,  of  detail,  has  been  applied  to 
extend,  and  to  improve,  what  was  already  known  re- 
specting the  shells.  This  knowledge  now  constitutes 

CONCHOLOGY. 

But  the  end  is  not  yet.  The  heaven-aspiring  mind 
of  man  will  not  rest  here,  satisfied.  Having  thus  traced 
the  creature,  so  far  as  his  finite  powers  can  go,  he  will 
be  irresistibly  led,  by  the  spiritual  aspirations  of  his 
being, 

"  To  look  through  nature,  up  to  nature's  God," 

and  to  worship,  and  adore,  that  great,  and  good,  Being 
whose  wisdom  planned,  and  whose  power  created,  all 
those  evidences  of  His  omnipotence.  To  his  mind, 

"  Each  moss,  each  shell, 
Each  crawling  insect,  holds  a  rank, 
Important  in  the  plans  of  Him 
Who  fram'd  their  being."  —  Stilling/bet. 


DIAGRAM  OF  THE  HIGHER  DIVISIONS  REPRESENTED 
IN  THIS  CATALOGUE. 


CLASS. 


ORDER. 


GASTEROPODA.     PULMONIFERA. 


ACEPHALA. 


BRANCHIFERA. 


FAMILIES. 

Philomycenidae, 

SUB-ORUER. 

Limacidae, 

Helicidae, 

GEOPHILA, 

Succimdae, 

INOPEKCULATA. 

Pupadas. 

LIMNOPHILA,   f  Auriculidse, 

INOPERCULATA.      [  Limnaeidae. 

(TT-       •               J  J 

ValvPatid;? 
Amnicolidae, 

Strepomatidae, 

{Unionidae, 
Corbiculidae. 

Class  GASTEROPODA. 

Animal,  head  distinct,  tentacles  four,  sometimes  two; 
eyes  at  the  tip,  or  near  the  base,  of  the  superior  pair ; 
body  more  or  less  enclosed  by  the  mantle;  beneath  with 
a  dense,  elongated,  flattened  disk  (the  foot).  In  the 
shell-bearing  species,  the  posterior  part  of  the  body  is 
enclosed  in  the  shell.  The  respiratory,  and  anal  orifices, 
are  placed  near  together  on  the  right  side  of  the  neck. 
Bisexual,  but  requiring  the  union  of  two  individuals  for 
reciprocal  fecundation. 

Shell,  mostly  present,  and  spiral,  as  in  the  snails; 
sometimes  only  rudimentary,  or  absent,  as  in  the  slugs. 
When  the  shell  is  complete,  the  mantle  covers  the  upper 
exterior  parts  of  the  animal,  and  forms  a  broad,  flat  ring, 
by  its  posterior  margin,  which  closes  the  aperture  of  the 
shell  when  the  animal  is  extended. 

The  animals  comprised  in  this  class  are  more  highly 
organized,  and  their  anatomy  is  more  complex,  than 
other  molluscous  animals.  Besides  the  organs  herein 
described,  which  pertain  to  their  family,  and  generic, 

is 


l6  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

characters,  they  possess  a  very  complicated  and  excitable 
Muscular  System,  many  of  the  muscles  being  united  to  the 
skin.  The  ventral  surface  is  covered  with  a  thick  muscu- 
lar layer  forming  a  long  disc,  which  is  termed  the  foot. 
The  contraction  of  these  fibres  produce  wrinkles,  which 
succeed  each  other  from  behind  forward,  thereby  enabling 
the  animal  to  glide  over  solid  surfaces,  or  on  the  water. 
In  those  possessing  a  turbinated  shell,  a  large  muscle 
arises  from  the  columella,  and  after  dividing,  is  spread 
over  the  sides  of  the  body  to  be  inserted  into  the  foot ; 
an  arrangement  which  enables  them  rapidly  to  retract 
the  body  within  the  shell.  Numerous  other  muscles 
within  the  body  serve  different  uses  in  their  economy. 

The  Nervous  System,  is  composed  of  several  gangli- 
onic  masses,  connected  by  nerve  filaments.  The  largest 
one  is  placed  on  the  oesophagus,  and  is  the  functional 
representative  of  the  brain. 

The  Circulation,  is  carried  on  by  a  heart  consisting 
of  an  auricle,  and  ventricle,  usually  placed  on  the  right 
side  of  the  body,  at  the  base  of  the  branchia,  in  the 
aquatic ;  or  in  the  pulmonary  cavity  of  the  terrestrial 
species.  The  blood  is  usually  bluish-white;  in  the 
genus  Planorbis  it  is  red. 

The  Organs  of  Respiration,  are  either  pulmonary,  or 
branchial,  and  are  for  the  most  part  lodged  in  a  cavity 
on  the  right  side  of  the  body,  just  within  the  last  whorl 
of  the  shell,  the  entrance  to  which  is  valvular,  and  may 
be  seen  opening  and  shutting  at  the  will  of  the  animal. 

The  Vent,  is  usually  found  just  anterior  to  the  pul- 
monary orifice.  A  third  opening,  near  the  base  of  the 
right  tentacle,  leads  to  the  generative  organs. 

The  Tentacles,  (mostly  four,)  are  either  cylindrical, 
tubular,  and  retractile  by  inversion;  or  triangular,  solid, 
conical,  and  contractile,  with  the  head  beneath  the 
mantle. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  I/ 

The  Eye,  is  very  small,  and  placed  on,  or  near,  the  base 
of  the  tentacles,  and  consists  of  the  usual  coats  pertaining 
to  that  organ,  together  with  a  lens. 

The  Organ  of  Hearing,  is  composed  of  two  auditive 
capsules,  placed  on  the  posterior  surface  of  the  large 
oesophageal  ganglion  (the  brain).  These  capsules  con- 
tain several  otolites,  or  small  spherical  bodies,  composed 
of  carbonate  of  lime,  immersed  in  a  fluid,  and  possessing 
a  rotary  or  vibratory  motion,  derived  from  the  vibratile 
cilia  within  the  capsules. 

The  situation  of  the  Olfactory  Organ,  has  not  been 
satisfactorily  ascertained.  In  the  terrestrial  species,  it 
is  supposed  to  reside  in  a  cnl  de  sac,  between  the  lower 
lip  and  the  front  of  the  foot. 

The  Organ  of  Taste,  is  alike  unknown ;  but  that 
needful  sense  probably  resides  within  the  buccal  cavity 
which  contains  the  lingual  ribbon. 

The  Oral  Organs,  are  highly  complicated  —  the  lip' 
or  palate  is  armed  with  a  transverse  arcuated  maxillary 
plate  or  jaw,  either  entire,  or  consisting  of  several  pieces; 
within  this  is  an  elongated  strap  of  ligamentous  or  cor- 
neous matter,  called  the  Tongue,  or  Lingual  Ribbon ; 
the  surface  of  which  is  thickly  set  with  Sharp  Siliceous 
Teeth,  beautifully  arranged  in  rows,  both  transverse 
and  longitudinal,  with  the  points  turned  inward.  The 
number  of  denticles  varies  from  a  few  hundreds,  to 
many  thousands.  The  tongue  is  very  retractile,  by  its 
own  proper  muscles ;  and  is  an  ingestive,  as  well  as  a 
manducatory  organ.  When  in  use,  it  is  quickly  pro- 
jected from  the  mouth  in  the  form  of  a  loop,  and  as 
rapidly  withdrawn.  - 

The  Alimentary  Canal,  is  long,  ai:d  convoluted,  and 
some  species  are  provided  with  Salivary  Glands. 

The  Kidneys,  are  sometimes  present. 

The  Liver,  always. 

2*  B 


18  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

Order  PULMONIFERA. 

Terrestrial,  or  sub-aquatic  animals,  which  respire  free 
air,  through  an  opening  in  or  under  the  right  side  of  the 
mantle.  In  some  of  the  families  of  this  order,  the  animal 
is  furnished  with  a  testaceous  or  horny  plate,  the  opercu- 
lum, attached  to  the  posterior  part  of  the  foot  When 
the  animal  retires  within  the  shell,  the  posterior  half  of 
the  body  is  folded  on  the  anterior,  resembling  in  its 
action  the  shutting  of  a  clasp-knife,  after  which,  the  head 
and  body  are  withdrawn,  leaving  the  operculum,  which 
is  situated  on  the  posterior  part  of  the  foot,  to  close  the 
aperture. 

Sub-order  GEOPHILA. 

Animal,  terrestrial,  tentacles  four,  retractile  by  inver- 
sion, or  contractile  with  the  head  beneath  the  mantle ; 
upper  pair  long,  cylindrical,  ending  in  bulbs,  which  con- 
tain the  eyes ;  lower  ones  short,  or  obsolete ;  shell  mostly 
spiral. 

INOPERCULATA. 

The  operculum  wanting. 

Family  PHILOMYCENID^E. 

The  Slugs. 

Mantle  covering  the  entire  upper  surface  of  the  animal. 
Shell  entirely  wanting. 

DIAGRAM  OF  THE  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  THE  FAMILY  PHILO- 
MYCENID^:. 

FAMILY,  f  GENUS,  TEBENNOPHORUS.  f  SpECIES   Carolinensis, 

PHILOMYCENID^E.  t  SUB-GENUS,  PALLIFERA.  -I  '  '  dorsalis. 

OBS.  —  The  slugs,  or  naked  snails,  have  many  charac- 
ters common  to  the  true  snails ;  both  are  nocturnal  in 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  IQ 

their  habits;  both  inhabit  damp  places  under  logs,  or 
beneath  loose  bark,  and  decaying  wood,  or  stones  ;  often 
among  grass,  and  frequently  in  cellars  and  out-houses. 
But  they  do  not  hibernate ;  cold  renders  them  torpid, 
but  a  little  temporary  warmth  reanimates  them ;  hence 
those  infesting  cellars,  and  green-houses,  continue  their 
depredations  during  the  winter  season.  Slugs  appear 
to  be  omnivorous,  and  may  be  found  feeding,  indiscrim- 
inately, on  animal  or  vegetable  substances.  In  gardens 
and  orchards  they  are  more  herbivorous,  often  injuring 
tender  plants  and  fruit. 

Genus  TEBENNOPHORUS,  BINNEY,  1842. 

Animal  robust,  subcylindrical,  obtuse,  or  truncated 
posteriorly ;  foot  somewhat  expanded  at  the  sides ; 
generative  orifice  behind,  and  below  the  right  superior 
tentacle. 

T.  Carolinensis,  Bosc. 

Limax  Carolinensis,  Bosc,  Vers  de  Buff  de  Deters, 
1830. 

Tebennophorus  Carolinensis.  —  [Binney  &  Bland.] 
Fig.  1. 


Grayish  white,  marbled  with  spots  of  black  and  brown, 
somewhat    in   three   lines  ;    loot  whitish  ;         jnw  of 

.  _  r  .......    T.  Carolinensis. 

respiratory  orifice  one-fourth  inch  behind        [B.  &  B.J 
the  tentacle ;  lingual  membrane  with   1 1 5 
rows   of  113  teeth  each,   56-1-56;   buccal 
plate  arcuate,  with  a  slight  denticulation 
on  the  concave  margin;  length  3  inches. 


20 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


Station,  among  rotten  wood,  under  loose  bark,  etc. 
Chester  County;  common. 

JAnganl  Dentition  of  T.  Carolinensis.  —  [B.  &  B.] 

Fig.  3. 


Sub-genus  PALLIFERA,  MORSE,  1864. 

Animal,  in  external  characters,  resembling  Teben- 
nophorus ;  but  differing  in  the  form  of  the  buccal  plate, 
and  dentition,  of  the  lingual  membrane. 

P.  dorsalis,  BINN. 

Philomycus     dorsalis,     Binn.,    Proc. 

Fallifrra  dorsaUs.  ' 

[B.&  B.]  Bost  Soct  Nat  Hist,  1841. 

Fig,  4, 

Cylindrical,  attenuate,  acute  posteri- 
orly, above  obscurely  elongate-rugose ; 
ashy  blue,  with  a  black  dorsal  line ;  tentacles  blackish ; 

lingual     membrane    with     115 

Jarv  of  P.  dorsalis. -[Morse.]       rows>  Of  I  I  3  teeth,  each  ;     56-!- 

56 ;  buccal  plate  arcuate,  with 
costae  strongly  denticulating 
the  concave  margin ;  length  3^ 
of  an  inch. 


CONCHOLOGIA     CESTRICA.  21 

Station,  under  logs,  and  decayed  wood,  near  Philadel- 
phia. (Tryon.) 

Lingual  Dentition  of  P.  dorsalis.  —  [Morse.] 

rig,  c, 


Family  LIMACID^E. 

Shell  small,  flat,  rudimentary,  and  concealed  within 
the  mantle  ;  which  only  covers  the  upper  portion  of  the 
animal. 

DIAGRAM  OF  THE  GENERA,  AND  SPECIES,  OF  THE  FAMILY 


f    SPECIES. 
FAMILY.  (  GENUS.  flavus,  '  • 

<  \  agrestis, 

LIMACID^E.          (UMAX.  I  cfmpestris, 

[  maximus. 

Genus  LIMAX,  LINN.,  1740. 

Animal,  more  or  less  elongated,  tapering,  acute,  man- 
tle occupying  the  anterior  part  of  the  body,  wrinkled  ; 
respiratory  orifice  in  the  lower  edge  of  the  mantle. 
Shell  very  small,  and  entirely  concealed. 

L.  flavus,  LINN.,  Syst  Nat.,  Ed.  x.,  i.,  1758. 

Limax  flavus.  —  [B.  &  B.] 

Fig,  7,    • 


22 


CONCHOLOGIA     CESTRICA. 


J~aw  of  TJ.  flavus. 

[B.  &  B.] 

Fie,  8. 


Animal,  brownish-yellow,  with  rows  of  roundish  white 
spots ;  head,  neck,  and  upper  tentacles, 
bluish;  posteriorly  acutely  keeled;  man- 
tle large,  gibbous,  concentric-striate ; 
pulmonary  orifice  cleft  in  the  edge  of 
the  mantle ;  lingual  membrane  very 
broad,  with  100  rows  of  85  teeth  each,  42-1-42;  buccal 


Lingual  Dentition  of  X.  flamis.  —  [B. 

Fig,  9, 


B.] 


plate  arcuate,  ends  square,  with  a  projection  on  the  con- 
cave margin;  length  3  to  4  inches. 

Station,  in  cellars,  yards,  and  gardens.  Chester 
County;  frequent. 

OBS.  —  An  unwelcome  foreigner  from  Europe,  very 
common  along  our  seaboard;  especially  in  the  cities, 
and  adjacent  to  them. 

L.  agrestis,  LINN.,  Syst.  Nat,  Ed.  x.,  i.,  1758. 

Umax  agrestis.  —  [B.  &  B.] 
Fig,  10, 


Animal,  pallescent,  rufescent,  or  nigrescent;  macu- 
lated ;  tentacles  blackish ;  mantle  oval,  gibbous,  con- 
centric-striate, one-third  as  long  as  the  body;  dorsal 
glands  flattened,  with  the  interspaces  darker;  respiratory 
orifice  near  the  posterior,  lateral,  edge  of  the  mantle, 
and  bordered  with  white;  length  I  to  2  inches. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  23 

Station,  under  decayed  wood,  boards,  and  stones,  in 
cool  places;  everywhere  common. 

OBS.  —  This  also  is  of  European  origin,  and  is  now 
generally  diffused. 

L.  campestris,  BINN.,  Proc.  Bost.  Soct.  Nat.  Hist,  1841. 

Animal,  with -varying  shades  of  amber,  brown,  and 
dusky;  but  unicolored,  mantle  ap-  -£•  campestris.— [B. & B.J 
pressed,  oval-oblong;  dorsal  glands  ^  ls>  ' 
elevated,  elongated,  with  the  inter- 
spaces unicolored ;  length  near  I  inch. 

Station,  similar  to  the  last ;  Chester  County. 

OBS.  —  This  species  may  be  distinguished  from  L. 
agrestis  by  its  smaller  size,  greater  transparency,  at  all 
stages  of  growth,  and  in  not  secreting  a  milky  mucus, 
when  touched.  It  is  probably  indigenous. 

L.  maximus,  LINN.,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  x.,  i.,  1758. 

Limax  maximus.  —  [W.  G.  B.] 
Pig,  12, 


Animal,  light  brown,  or  ashen,  with  alternate  rows 
of  round  spots,  and  uninterrupted  stripes,  of  black,  along 
the  back,  and  sides ;  lighter  on  the  sides ;  dirty  white 
beneath;  body  elongate,  with  a  well-marked  dorsal 
carina,  and  covered  with  coarse,  elongated,  longitudinal, 
tubercles ;  mantle  large,  bluntly  oval,  with  concentric 
tuberosities,  and  irregular  black  blotches;  respiratory 


24  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRlCA. 

orifice    on   the   posterior,   lateral,   edge ;    foot    narrow ; 
length  4  to  5  inches. 

OBS.  —  An  introduced  species,  from  France;  found  in 
cellars,  in  Philadelphia.  (Tryon.)  And  while  this  work 
is  being  printed,  it  has  turned  up  in  a  cellar  in  West 
Chester,  Chester  County.  Probably  a  direct  importation 
from  France,  in  connection  with  her  wines.  The  figure, 
and  description,  has  been  reproduced  from  the  admira- 
ble edition  of  Gould's  Invertebrata  of  Massachusetts,  by 
W.  G.  Binney,  Esq. 

Family  HELICID^. 
The  Snails. 

Animal  of  Mesodon  palliata.  —  [B.  &  B.] 

Fig,  13, 


Animal,  very  similar  to  the  Limacidce ;  except  the 
posterior  part  of  the  body,  which  is  spiral,  and  raised 
off  the  foot,  to  be  inserted  in  the  shell ;  the  pulmonary 
orifice  is  in  the  collar,  or  margin,  of  the  mantle,  near 
the  angle  of  the  mouth  of  the  shell ;  the  anal  opening 
is  contiguous  thereto.  Shell  discoidal,  sub-orbicular, 
turbinate,  or  trochiform. 

OBS.  —  The  true  snails  are  oviparous,  and  hermaphro- 
dite ;  but  require  the  union  of  two  individuals,  for 
reciprocal  fecundation.  They  are  both  herbivorous  and 
carnivorous.  The  eggs  are  usually  deposited  in  places 
which  they  inhabit,  to  the  number  of  fifty,  or  more. 
According  to  Dr.  Binney,  the  depth  is  regulated  by  the 
distance  the  animal  can  penetrate  the  earth,  while  its 
shell  remains  above  ground.  They  are  globular,  or 
roundly  oval,  sometimes  slightly  connected  in  bundles, 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  25 

or  strings.  The  young  appear  in  twenty  days,  or  more, 
being  influenced  very  much  by  moisture,  and  tempera- 
ture ;  and  are  provided,  at  first,  with  a  shell  of  about 
one  and  a  half  turns.  Unable  to  subsist  without  moist- 
ure, the  snails  inhabit  damp,  and  secluded,  places,  under 
stones,  logs,  and  fallen  leaves ;  often  in  pastures,  lawns, 
and  gardens.  Unlike  the  slugs,  they  hibernate  during 
winter,  either  in  their  summer  retreats,  or  buried  deeper 
in  the  earth.  On  the  first  occurrence  of  frost,  they  retire 
to  their  mural  homes,  close  the  aperture  of  the  shell, 
with  a  thin  transparent  membrane,  the  epiphragm;  and 
as  the  animal  retreats,  still  farther,  other  epiphragms 
are  successively  formed. 

DIAGRAM  OF  THE  SUB-FAMILIES,  SUB-GENERA,  AND  SPECIES,  OF 
THE  FAMILY  HELICID^. 

FAMILY. 


HELICID^E. 


SUB-FAMILIES. 

SUB-GENERA.      f         SPECIES. 

albolabris, 

Sayii, 

Pennsylvanica, 

MESODON.                  \    &J^S*. 

bucculenta, 

"     var.  rufa, 

dentifera, 

HELICIN^E. 

palliata. 

appressa, 

tridentata, 

TRIODOPSIS. 

fallax, 
introferens, 

'  '    var.  minor, 

inflecta. 

STENOTREMA.           j  hirsuta°n' 

ANGUISPIRA.                  alternata. 

MACROCYCLIS.               concava. 

fuliginosus, 

laevigatus, 

inornatus, 

ZONITES. 

sub-planus, 
ligerus, 

demissus, 

gularis, 

HELICELLIN^E. 

suppressus, 

internus. 

(cellaria, 

indentata, 
electrina, 

arborea. 

hydrophila. 
PSEUDOHYALINA.         minuscula. 

VALLONIA.                     minuta. 

VALLONIN^E. 

PATULA.                         striatella.^ 
STKOBILA.                       labyrinthica. 

HELICODISCUS.              lineatus. 

-  PUNCTIN^E.                  PUNCTUM.                      minutissimum. 

26  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


Sub-genus  MESODON,  RAFINESQUE,  1831. 

Animal  of  Mesodon  albolabris.  — [K.  &  B.] 
Fig,  14, 


Shell  sub- globose,  or  orbiculate-depressed ;  umbilicus 
open,  or  covered ;  thin,  finely  striate,  or  decussate, 
sculptured ;  whorls  5  or  6,  regular,  aperture  rounded, 
or  lunate,  sometimes  with  a  parietal  tooth ;  peristome 
broadly  reflected,  white,  margin  rarely  unidentate. 

M.  albolabris,  SAY. 

Helix  albolabris,  Say,  Nich.  Encyc.,  Amer.  Ed.,  1817. 

M.  albolabris.  —  [B.  &  B.]  Jaw  of  M.  albolabris.  —  [Morse.] 

Fig,  15,  Fig,  16, 


Shell  large,  convex,  yellowish  -  brown,  or  russet ; 
whorls  5  or  6,  obliquely,  fine-striate,  with  still  finer 
revolving  striae,  most  distinct  behind  the  reflected  lip ; 
lip  broadly  reflected,  and  flattened,  closing  the  umbilicus 
when  mature;  lingual  membrane  of  123  rows,  of  44-1-44 
teeth ;  buccal  plate  heavy,  arcuate,  with  ten  large  ribs, 
crenulating  the  margins  of  the  plate.  H.  15,  W.  25,  mil- 
limeters. Varies  much  in  size. 

Station,  rocky  woodlands.    Chester  County,  frequent. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  27 

OBS.  —  Our  largest  Helix.     In  some  localities  it  has  a 

tOOth  On  the  pillar  lip.  Linf/ual Dentition  o fM. 

albolabris.  —  [Morse.] 
Fig.  17, 

M.  Sayii,  BINN. 

Helix  diodonta,  Say,  Long's  Ex- 
ped.,  II.,  1824.  Sayii,  Binn.,  Bost. 
Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  III.,  1840. 

M ,  Snyii.  —  [B.  &  B.] 

Fig,  18, 


Shell  depressed-orbicular;  whorls 
5-6,  obliquely  striate ;  aperture  sub- 
orbicular;  lip  narrowly  reflected, 
white,  and  with  a  tubercular  tooth 
at  base ;  pillar  lip  toothed ;  umbili- 
cus narrow,  deep ;  pale  horn  color. 
H.  15,  W.  22,  millimeters. 

Station,  in  forests,  Western  Penn- 
sylvania. 

M.  Pennsylvanica,  GREEN. 
Helix  Pennsylvanica,  Green,  Cont. 
Maclur.  Lye.,  No.  I,  1827. 

M.  Pennsylvanica.  — [B.  &  B.] 

Fig.  19, 


Shell  turbinate,  sub-globose,  ob- 
liquely striate,  with  elevated  ridges ; 
whorls  6,  convex ;  aperture  sub-tri- 


28 


CONCHOLOGIA     CESTRICA. 


Jtf.  clausa. 

[B.  &  B.J 

rig,  20, 


angular;  lip  narrowly  reflected,  white,  slightly  thick- 
ened, internally,  at  base  ;  umbilicus  closed,  but  indented. 
Yellow  horn  color.  H.  10,  W.  18,  mill. 

Station,  under  logs,  in  woods.    Western  Pennsylvania. 

M.  clausa,  SAY. 

Helix  clausa,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  F.  S.,  1821. 

Shell  sub-globose,  light  yellowish-brown  ; 
whorls  5,  finely  striate ;  aperture  rounded, 
contracted;  lip  reflected,  flat;  umbilicus 
narrow,  and  partly  covered  by  the  reflection 
of  the  lip.  H.  9,  W.  1 6,  mill. 

Station,   under   logs,   etc.     New    Garden, 
Chester  County ;  rare. 

OBS.  —  This  so  nearly  resembles  some  edentate  forms 
of  the  next  species,  as  to  occasion  difficulty. 

M0  thyroides,  SAY. 

Helix  thyroides,  Say,  Nich.  Encyc.,  Amer.  Ed.,  1817. 

M.  thyroides.  —  [B.  &  B.J 
Pig,  21, 


Shell  depressed  -  globular,  pale  yellowish  -  brown  ; 
whorls  5,  with  fine  transverse  striae;  aperture  rounded; 
pillar  lip  with  a  prominent,  oblique,  white  tooth ;  lip 
widely  reflected,  sometimes  with  its  face  grooved ;  yel- 
lowish exterior ;  umbilicus  small,  partly  covered.  H. 
12-14,  W.  20-25,  mill. 

Station,  in  woods,  gardens,  and  among  decayed  wood. 
Chester  County.  Often  confounded  with  the  next. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  29 

M.  bucculenta,  GOULD. 

Helix  bucculenta,  Gould,  Proc.  Bost  Soct.  Nat.  Hist, 
III,  1848. 

M.  bucculenta.  —  [B.  &  B.] 

rig,  22, 


Shell  sub-globose,  finely  striate,  yellowish-white  to 
pale  brown;  whorls  5,  rounded;  base  convex;  aperture 
rounded ;  the  peristome  forming  nearly  two-thirds  of  a 
circle,  and  broadly  reflected,  white,  flesh  colored  behind; 
umbilicus  partly  covered;  sometimes  a  small,  white, 
tooth  on  the  pillar,  often  edentate.  H.  10,  W.  15, 
mill. 

Station,  under  logs  in  moist  grounds,  and  meadows. 
Chester  County ;  common. 

M.  bucculenta,  var.  Rufa,  Michener,  Amer.  Jour. 
Conch.,  II.,  1866. 

Helix  rufa,  De  Kay,  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  Part  I.,  1843. 

Shell  smaller  and  more  delicate  than  the  preceding; 
often  strongly  rufous,  giving  color  to  the  reflected  lip;  the 
transverse  striae  are  strongly  marked,  and  often  reticu- 
lated, by  microscopic  revolving  lines.  H.  13,  W.  18, 
mill. 

Station,  accompanying  the  last  species.  Chester 
County ;  common. 

OBS.  —  W.  G.  Binney,  speaking  of  M.  albolabris,  says, 
"  Helix  rufa,  De  Kay,  appears  to  be  the  young  of  this 
species."  Again,  under  H.  thyroides,  he  says :  "  One 
[variety]  from  Germantown,  Pa.,  is  very  small,  measuring 
only  15  millimeters  in  diameter.  It  is  globose,  shining, 

sometimes  imperforate,  and  generally  without  a  parietal 

?* 


CONCHOLOGIA    CEST.RICA. 


tooth.  It  is  impossible  to  distinguish  it  from  some 
forms  of  H.  bucculenta"  The  impossibility  arises  from 
the  fact  that  it  is,  really,  one  of  those  forms. 


M.  dent  if  era. 

[B.  &  B.J 


M.  dentifera,  BINN. 

Helix    dentifera,    Binn.,   Bost.   Jour. 

Nat.  Hist.,  I.,  1840. 
Fig,  23, 

Shell    depressed,    spire    sub-convex; 

base  well  rounded;  whorls  5,  fine  stri- 
ate;  aperture  wide;  lip  broadly  reflect- 
ed, and  covering  the  umbilicus;  parietal 
tooth  prominent;  color  yellow  horn. 
H.  10,  W.  23,  mill. 

Station,    mountain    forests,    Pennsyl- 
vania. 

**, 

M.  palliata,  SAY. 

Helix  palliata,  Say,  Jour.  Phil.  Acad.  F.  S.,  II.,  1821. 

.  paiiiata.  Shell  depressed,  brown,  rough  or  hispid; 
Pig,  24,  whorls  5,  flattened  above,  striate;  aperture 
three-lobed,  contracted;  lip  reflected, white, 
often  edged  with  brown,  with  two  inter- 
marginal  teeth ;  pillar  lip  with  a  long, 
white,  curved,  tooth,  originating  at  the 
umbilicus,  which  is  covered.  H.  9,  W. 
35,  mill. 

Station,  mountain  forests.     Western  Pennsylvania. 


Sub-genus  TRIODOPSIS,  RAFINESQUE,  1819. 

Shell  orbiculate-depressed,  or  sub-globose ;  obliquely 
striate ;  whorls  5-7,  the  last  sub-deflected ;  urnbilicate, 
or  closed ;  aperture  sinuate,  sub-triangular ;  peristome 
with  a  broad  reflected  margin ;  sides  of  the  aperture, 
armed  with  strong  teeth. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


•.  Phil.  Acad.        [B/&  B.J 
Fig,  25. 


T.  apprr.tsa. 

B.  &  B. 


T.  appressa,  SAY. 
Helix  appressa,  Say,    Jour 
F.  S.,  II.,  1821. 

Shell  much   depressed,  pale  yellowish ; 
whorls   5,   often   sub-angulated,   with    fine 
transverse  striae ;  aperture  contracted ;  the 
white,    reflected,    lip,    close    appressed    at 
base,    and   covering    the    umbilicus;    the 
inner  margin  of  the  lip,  mostly  with  one  or  two  teeth ; 
an  oblique,  compressed,  white,  tooth  on  the 
pillar  lip ;  lingual  membrane  with  105  rows, 
of  40-1-40  teeth,  each;  buccal  plate  strongly 
arcuate,  the   ribs,   on   the   anterior   surface, 
denticulating  both  margins.     H.  7,  W.   17, 
mill. 

Lingual  Dentition  of  T.  appressa.  —  [B.  &  B.] 

Pig,  27, 


Jaw  of  T. 
appressa. 

[B.  &  B.] 

Fig.  26, 


Station,   under   flat   stones.     On   the   Lehigh   River, 
Pennsylvania. 

T.  tridentata,  SAY. 

Helix  tridentata,  Say,  Nich.  Encyc.,  Amer.  Ed.,  1817. 

Shell    very    much    depressed,    light    horn    color,    to 
chestnut ;  whorls  5 ,  obliquely  acute-striate ;     T.  tride 
aperture  trilobate,  contracted  by  a  groove         « 
behind  the  lip ;  lip  reflected,  white,  with 
two  acute,  projecting,  teeth,  on  its  inner 
edge;   pillar   lip   with   a  strong,   oblique, 
tooth  in   the   aperture ;   striae   converging 
into  the  deep,  open,  umbilicus.     H.  8,  W. 
15,  mill.;  very  variable. 

Station,  in  fields  bordering  woods.  Ches- 
ter County. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


T.  f allay. 

[B..&  B.J 
Fig,  29, 


Fig,  30, 


T.  fallax,  SAY. 

Helix  fallax,  Say,  Jour.  Phil.  Acad.  F. 
S,  V.,  1825. 

Similar  in  outline;  but  differs  from  T. 
tridentata,  in  being  much  smaller;  the  spire 
is  more  elevated ;  the  teeth  are  larger ;  and 
the  upper  one,  of  the  lip  teeth,  is  strongly 
inflected.  H.  7^,  W.  13,  mill. 

Station,  in  woods,  under  leaves  and  de- 
cayed wood.  Chester  County ;  common. 

T.  introferens,  BLAND. 

Helix  introferens,  Bland,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Vij.,  1860. 

Shell  narrowly  umbilicate,  depressed-globose,  thin, 
T.  introfe-  costate-striate,  pale ;  whorls  6,  the  last  scarcely 
[E.e&8E.]  deflected,  but  deeply  constricted  at  the  aper- 
ture, with  two  exterior  pits ;  periphery  sub- 
angular;  convex  beneath,  with  a  spiral  groove 
within  the  umbilicus ;  aperture  oblique,  lunate, 
with  a  strong,  arcuate,  parietal  tooth ;  peris- 
tome  reflected,  thickened  within  ;  an  obtuse,  inflected, 
tooth,  within  the  right  margin ;  at  base,  a  submarginal, 
lamelliform,  tooth,  with  a  transverse  tubercle  in  the 
centre ;  the  basal  lamella  is  continued  within  the  aper- 
ture, where  it  forms  a  strong,  white,  tubercle.  H.  7> 
W.  15,  mill. 

Station,  in  woods,  under  loose  bark,  and  moist  decayed 
leaves.     Chester  County. 

T.  introferens,  var.  Minor,  BLAND. 
Helix  introferens,  var.  Minor,  Bland,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye. 
Vij.,  1860. 

Shell  smaller;  whorls  5.     H.  6,  W.  II,  mill. 
Station,  in  woods,  gardens,  and  among  rubbish.    Ches- 
ter County ;  abundant. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  33 

T.  inflecta,  SAY. 

Helix  inflecta,  Say,   Jour.  Phil.  Acad.  F.  S.,  II.,  1821. 

Shell  convex,  brownish  horn  color,  with  fine,  hair- 
like,  projections;  whorls  5,  with  very  T  inflecta,_  [B.  &  B.] 
minute,  transverse,  striae ;  suture  not  Fig,  31, 

much  impressed;  aperture  three  lobed, 
very  much  contracted,  by  a  deep  groove 
behind  the  lip;  lip  white,  narrow,  re- 
flected over  the  umbilicus,  with  two 
acute  teeth  on  the  inner  margin ;  the  superior  one  in- 
flected; the  other,  halfway  between  it  and  the  base,  and 
separated  by  a  profound  sinus ;  parietal  tooth  long, 
arcuated;  umbilicus  covered,  impressed.  H.  7,  W.  12, 
mill. 

Station,  mountains,  Pennsylvania. 

Sub-genus  STENOTREMA,  RAFINESQUE,  1819. 

Shell  lenticular,  or  depressed  globose,  mostly  pilose ; 
whorls  4^-6,  the  last  gibbous;  base  tumid;  aperture 
long,  and  narrow ;  basal  lips  white ;  the  superior  nar- 
rowly reflected;  the  inferior  similar,  or  presenting  a 
notch,  near  the  middle ;  no  umbilicus. 


S.  monodon,  RACKET. 

Helix    monodon,    Racket,    Linn.    Trans.,        Fig,  32, 
XIII.,  1822. 

Shell  sub-globose,  depressed  above,  pale 
chestnut,  minutely  hairy ;  whorls  5-6;  aper- 
ture arcuate,  contracted,  by  a  deep  groove,  behind  the 
lip,   which   is    narrowly   reflected,   and 

Jaw  of  S.  monodon. 

reaches  to  the  base,  partly,  or  wholly,  [Morse.] 

closing  the   umbilicus;    parietal   tooth  ,^2^ 

elongated;  lingual  membrane  with  100 
rows,  of  28-1-28,  teeth,   each;   buccal 

C 


34  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

plate,  slightly  arcuate;  anterior  face,  with  broad  ribs, 
denticulating  each  margin.     H.  3^-4^,  W.  7-10,  mill. 

lingual  Dentition  of  S.  monodon.  —  [Morse.] 
Fig,  34. 


Station,   under   decayed  bark   and  stones.     Chester 
County;  rare. 

S.  hirsuta,  SAY. 

Helix  hirsuta,  Say,  Jour.  Phil.  Acad.  F.  S.,  I.,  1817. 

Shell  sub-globose,  pale  brown,  with  sharp,  rigid,  hairs, 
s  hirsuta.  arranged  in  oblique  lines;  whorls  5;  aperture 
IB.  &  B.J     verv  narrow,  almost  closed,  by  an  elongated, 
lamelliform,  tooth,  on  the  pillar  lip,  reaching 


from  the  centre  of  the  base  to  within  the 
junction  of  the  lips,  above,  and  covering  the 
umbilicus ;  outer  lip  narrowly  reflected, 
grooved,  with  a  notch  near  the  middle  of  its  inner 
margin ;  base  very  convex.  H.  4,  W.  6,  mill. 

Station,  under  loose  bark  of  logs.  Chester  County ; 
abundant. 

OBS.  —  In  some  localities,  it  nearly  doubles  the  di- 
mensions here  given. 

Sub-genus  ANGUISPIRA,  MORSE,  1864. 

Shell  heavy,  large,  depressed-turbinate,  solid,  costate- 
striate, banded  with  colored  stripes;  umbilicus  moderate; 
aperture  simple,  without  teeth. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


35 


A.  alternata,  SAY. 

Helix  alternata,  Say,  Nich.  Encyc.,  Amcr.  Ed.,  1816. 

A.  alternata.  —  [B.  &  B.] 
Fig,  36, 


[Morse.  J 

rig,  37, 


Shell  orbiculate-depressed,  obliquely,  and  closely, 
ribbed-striate  ;  whorls  6,  varied  jaw  of  A.  alternata. 
with  oblique,  rufous  bars,  and 
spots ;  convex  beneath,  often  an- 
gular at  the  periphery ;  aperture 
oblique ;  umbilicus  large ;  base  ^^  ^^  ^ 
paler,  and  less  striate ;  lingual  membrane,  with  1 21 
waving  rows,  of  34-1-34,  teeth,  each  ;  buccal  plate  stout, 

Jjingual  Dentition  of  A.  alternata.  —  [Morse.] 

rig,  38, 


of  uniform  width,  and  deeply  striate,  longitudinally,  and 
transverse.     H.  8-10,  W.  20-25,  mill. 

Station,  under  wet  logs,  and  boards,  along  streams. 
Chester  County ;  common. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


Sub-genus  MACROCYCLIS,  BECK,  1837. 

Animal  of  Macrocyclis  concava.  —  [B.  &  B.] 

Fig  39, 


JIT.  concava. 

[B.  &  B.J 

Pig,  40, 


Shell  moderate,  thin,  wide,  umbilicate,  depressed, 
striate,  unicolored;  whorls  4—5,  the  last  wide,  depressed, 
and  deflected;  aperture  oblique,  ovate;  peristome  slightly 
thickened,  and  reflected  at  base. 

M.  concava,  SAY. 

Helix  concava,  Say,  Jour.  Phil.  Acad.  F.  S.,  II.,  1821. 

Shell  convex-discoid,  pale  horn  color, 
sometimes  with  a  tinge  of  green;  whorls 
5,  substriate,  the  last  one  flattened  near 
the  mouth,  rounded,  beneath;  umbilicus 
wide,  and  deep;  lip  sub-reflexed,  at  base, 
and  its  extremities  united  by  a  columellar 
deposit ;  lingual  membrane  with  —  rows, 
of  23-1-23,  teeth,  each;  buccal  plate 
crescentic,  anterior  surface  striated,  con- 
cave margin,  with  a  slight  projection.  H.  7,  W.  16,  mill. 

Jjingual  Dentition  of  M.  concava.  — [B.  &  B.] 

Fig.  42. 


,TaivofM.  concava. 

[B.  &  B.J 

Fig,  41, 


Station,  under   stones,    logs,  etc.     Chester  County; 
not  common. 


CONCHOLOGIA     CESTRICA. 


37 


Sub-genus  ZONITES,  MONTFORT,  1810. 

JLnimal  of  Zonites  fuliffinosus.  —  [B.  &  B.] 

Fig,  43. 


Shell  orbiculate,  convex,  or  discoidal ;  whorls  6-7, 
gradually  increasing,  striated  above,  smooth  beneath ; 
aperture  lunate,  oblique ;  peristome  acute,  and  slightly 
thickened,  within. 


Z.  fuliginosus. 

[B.  &  B.] 

Fig,  44, 


Z.  fuliginosus,  GRIFFITH. 

Helix  fuliginosa,  Griff,  (in  litt), 
C.  B.  Adams'  Amer.  Jour.  Science, 
Vol.  40,  p.  273. 

Shell  rather  large,  thin,  chestnut- 
brown,  orbicular,  depressed ;  whorls 
4^,  increasing  rapidly;  aperture  lu- 
nate-ovate, very  oblique ;  lip  thin, 
acute,  slightly  thickened  within,  by  a 
testaceous  deposit;  extremities  of  the 
peristome  approximate ;  umbilicus 
moderate,  deep ;  lingual  membrane 
very  broad,  with  87  rows,  of  64-1-64, 
teeth ;  buccal  plate  arcuate,  margin 
simple,  with  a  blunt,  median  projec- 
tion. H.  13,  W.  25,  mill. 

Station,  in  woods.     Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania 


Jaw  of  Z.  fuliginosus. 

[B.  &  B.] 

Fig,  45, 


Lingual  Dentition  of  Z.  fuliginosus.  —  [B.  &  B.] 

Fig,  46, 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


Z.  Icevigntus. 

[B.  &  B.J 

Pig,  47, 


Z.  laevigatus,  PFR. 

Helix  laevigata,  Pfr.,  Mon.  Hel.  Viv.,  I.,  1848. 

Shell  globosely  depressed,  thin,  green- 
ish horn  color;  whorls  5,  closely  striate 
above,  smooth,  and  shining,  beneath ; 
last  whorl  rapidly  expanding ;  aperture 
rounded-lunular;  lip  simple,  much  thick- 
ened, within  the  base,  and  slightly  re- 
flected, around  a  moderate  umbilicus. 
H.  9,  W.  18,  mill. 

Station,  mountains.  Sunbury,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Z.  inornatus,  SAY. 

Helix  inornata,  Say,   Tour.  Acad.  Phila.  F. 

Z.  inornatus.  J  '    J 

[B.  &B.]          S.,  II.,    1821. 
Fig,  48, 

Shell  much  depressed,  smooth,  shining, 
pale  yellow;  whorls  5,  flattened  above; 
aperture  transverse ;  lip  thin,  acute,  with  an 
internal,  white,  deposit;  umbilicus  small, 
deep.  H.  6,  W.  16,  mill. 

Station,  in  woods.  Lancaster  County, 
Pennsylvania. 


Z.  subplanus,  BINN. 

Helix  subplana,  Binn.,  Bost.  Jour.  Nat. 
Hist,  IV,  1842. 


?.  subplanus. 

[B.  &  B.] 


Fig,  49, 


Shell  small,  planulate,  above,  and  be- 
neath, greenish-brown,  shining;  whorls 
5  %,  fine  striate,  near  the  apex ;  aperture 
transverse ;  lip  simple  ;  umbilicus  small, 
round,  and  deep.  H.  6,  W.  18,  mill. 

Station,  mountains.  Western  Pennsyl- 
vania. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


39 


[B.  &  B.j 
Fig,  50, 


Fig,  51. 


Z.  ligerus,  SAY. 

Helix    ligera,    Say,     Jour.    Acad.    Phila.,    F.   S.,   II., 
1821. 

Shell    sub-globose,   obtuse,  brownish-yellow   above, 
paler  beneath ;  whorls  6-7,  oblique-striate  ;     z  uff(>rus. 
aperture    lunate;    lip    acute,   with  a    strong 
deposit  within   the   margin,   near  its   base; 
umbilicus  very  small,  or  none.     H.  6-8,  W. 
11-15,  mill. 

Station,  in  woods.     Chester  County ;  not 
common. 

Z.  demissus,  BINN. 

Helix    demissa,    Binn.,    Bost.   Jour.    Nat.    Hist,  IV., 

1843. 

Shell  depressed,  yellowish,  thickly  striate ; 
base  somewhat  flattened,  smooth;  aperture 
sub-transverse,  compressed-lunate ;  umbilicus 
very  small ;  lip  acute,  thickened  within  the 
margin.  H.  6,  W.  10-12,  mill. 

Station,  in  mountainous  districts.  Western 
Pennsylvania. 

Z.  gularis,  SAY. 

Helix   gularis,    Say,     Jour.    Acad.    Phila.    F.    S.,  II., 
1822. 

Shell  depressed-conical,  shining,  dusky- 
yellow  ;  whorls  7—8,  very  minute  at  the 
apex ;  aperture  transverse ;  lip  thickened 
within,  at  base,  with  one,  or  more,  elon- 
gated, lamelliform,  teeth  ;  one  at  the  base, 
the  other  more  central ;  umbilicus  covered, 
or  very  small.  H.  5-7,  W.  7-9,  mill. 

Station,  under  wet  logs,  and  decayed  leaves, 
caster  County,  Pennsylvania. 


Z.  gularis. 

[B.  &  B.] 
Fig,  52, 


Lan- 


4O 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


Z.  suppressus,  SAY. 

Helix    suppressa,   Say,     New    Harm. 
Diss.,  II.,  1829. 

Shell  small,  yellowish-brown,  thin, 
polished;  whorls  6,  slowly  increasing, 
fine  striate  above,  smooth  beneath  ;  lip 
thin,  callous  within  the  base  ;  within  the  outer  lip  are 
one,  or  two,  elongated,  lamelliform  teeth  ;  umbilicus 
very  small,  or  absent.  H.  4,  W.  6,  mill. 

Station,  in  fields,  and  woods,  under  stones,  timber,  etc. 
Chester  County  ;  abundant. 

Z.  interims,  SAY. 

Helix  interna,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.   Phil.  F.  S.,  II.,  1822. 

Shell  convex-orbicular,  reddish  brown, 
above  ribbed,  beneath  smooth;  whorls  8, 
narrow,  suture  deep  ;  periphery  sub-angular  ; 
aperture  transverse,  narrow,  thickened  within, 
at  the  base,  with  two  short  lamellae,  near  the 
basal  margin  ;  lip  reaching  to  the  axis  ;  um- 
bilicus nearly,  or  sometimes  quite,  closed. 
H.  4,  W.  6,  mill. 
Station,  similar  to  the  preceding.  Western  Pennsyl- 


Cpi&54J 


vana. 


Sub-genus  HYALINA  (FERR.),  GRAY,  1840. 

Animal  of  Hyalina  cellaria.—  [B.  &  B.] 

Fig,  55, 


Shell  mostly  small,  umbilicate,  or  closed,  and  indented ; 
depressed,  vitreous,  shining ;  whorls  5-6,  increasing 
regularly ;  peristome  thin,  acute ;  aperture  round-lunate, 
not  angled  or  depressed. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


H.  cellaria,  MULL. 

Helix  cellaria,  Mull.,  Hist.  Verm.,  II.,  1773. 


H.  cellaria.  —  [B.  &  B.j 

Fig,  56, 


Jaiv  of  H.  cellaria,  young  and  old. 

[Morse.] 
Fig,  57, 


Shell  depressed,  polished,  light  greenish  above,  pale 
beneath;  whorls  5,  flattened;  aperture  oblique,  sub- 
circular;  umbilicus  small;  lip  thickened  within,  and  sub- 
reflected  near  its  base ;  lingual  membrane  with  38  curving 

XAngual  Dentition  of  IT.  cellaria.  — [Morse.] 
Fig,  58, 


rows  of  17-1-17  teeth,  each;  buccal  plate  strongly 
arcuate,  with  a  median  projection.  H.  7,  W.  13,  mill. 

Station,  in  cellars  and  gardens,  in  and  near  maritime 
cities.  Chester  County ;  Philadelphia. 

OBS.  —  Introduced  from  England. 

H.  indentata,  SAY. 

Helix  indentata,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.  S.,  II.,  1822. 

Shell  small,  thin,  depressed,  pellucid,  H. 
pale,  highly  polished ;  whorls  4,  rapidly 
enlarging,  with  distant  radiating,  impressed, 
lines,  which  extend  to  the  indented  centre 
of  the  imperforate  base ;  aperture  expanded ; 
peristome  thin,  acute,  reaching  to  the  basal 
centre.  H.  2j£,  W.  5,  mill. 


[B.  &  B.I 
Fig,  59, 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


H.   electrina. 

[B.  &  B.] 
Fig,  60, 


Station,  under  logs  and  loose  bark.    Chester  County ; 
frequent. 

H.  electrina,  GOULD. 

Helix  electrina,  Gould,  Invert,  Mass.,  1841. 

Shell  very  thin,  pale;  whorls  3^,  the 
last  rapidly  enlarging ;  spire  depressed ; 
aperture  rounded  ;  peristome  simple,  acute  ; 
lip  not  flexuous;  umbilicus  very  narrow, 
and  deep.  H.  2,  W.  4,  mill. 

Station,  in  company  with  the  preceding. 
Chester  County ;  rare. 

H.  arborea,  SAY. 

Helix  arboreus,  Say,  Nich.  Encyc.,  Amer.  Ed.,  1817. 

Shell  much  depressed,  thin,  shining,  amber- 
colored;  whorls  4^,  increasing  regularly; 
umbilicus  moderate,  deep  ;  lip  slightly  flexu- 
ous;  lines  of  growth  indistinct.  H.  2^,  W. 
5,  mill. 

Station,  under  decayed  wood,  and  rubbish. 
Chester  County ;  abundant 

H.  hydrophila,  INGALLS. 

Helix  hydrophiia,  Ingalls,  in  collection  unpublished. 

Shell  depressed-conical,  thin,  amber- 
colored ;  whorls  4  to  4  J^  ;  suture  well 
impressed;  umbilicus  deep,  crateriform; 
aperture  lunate,  sub-deflected;  lip  thin, 
sub-angular.  H.  3,  W.  6,  mill. 

Station,  under  logs,  and  boards,  near 
the  water.  Schuylkill  tide  marsh,  Phila- 
delphia. 

OBS.  —  We  prefer  to  keep  this  distinct  from  H.  nitida, 
Mull.,  of  Europe. 


H.  arborea. 

[B.  &  B.] 
Fig,  61, 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  43 

Sub-genus  PSEUDOHYALINA,  MORSE,  1864. 

Shell  minute,  discoidal,  slightly  convex  above,  uni- 
colored ;  closely  striate,  or  ribbed ;  umbilicus  large. 

P.  minuscula,  BINNEY. 

Helix  minuscula,  Binn.,  Boston  Jour.  Nat.   -P- *»in/a«?uirt, 
Hist.,  III.,  1840.  Pig.  63', 

Shell  slightly  convex,  whitish ;  whorls  4, 
increasing  slowly  in  diameter ;  suture  deep ; 
umbilicus  large ;  aperture  rounded,  spread- 
ing ;  lip  thin,  acute ;  columella  with  a  thin 
callus;    lingual    membrane    with    52    rows    of   12-1-12 
teeth,   each ;    buccal   plate    slightly   arcuate,   long,   and 
narrow;  anterior  surface  with  faint     jaw of P. minuscula. 
central,  longitudinal   striae,  slightly  [Morse.] 

raised,  on  the  centre  of  the  cutting 
edge.     H.  I,  W.  2-2^,  mill. 

lingual  Dentition  of  P.  minuscula.  —  [Morse.J 
Fig,  65, 


Station,  in  grass-fields,  under  sticks  and  stones.    New 
Garden,  Chester  County;  not  common. 


Sub-genus  VALLONIA,  Risso,  1826. 

Shell  umbilicate,  depressed;  whorls  3^-4;  aperture 
oblique,  semicircular;  peristome  white;  lip  reflected, 
the  margins  approximate. 


44  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

V.  minuta,  SAY. 

Helix  minuta,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.  S.,  L,  1817. 

V.  minuta,  enlarged.  —  [B.  &  B.]  Jaw  of  V.  minuta.  —  [Morse.] 

Fig,  66,  Fig,  67, 


Shell  minute,  slightly  convex,  opaque  white  ;  whorls 
4,  fine  striate;  aperture  orbicular,  dilated;  lip  thick, 
broadly  reflected,  white,  forming  almost  a  circle;  um- 
bilicus wide,  and  deep  ;  lingual  membrane  with  75  rows 
of  ii-i-n  teeth,  each;  buccal  plate  wide,  narrow;  ends 
slightly  bent,  and  longitudinally  striate,  the  striae  ex- 
tending to  the  cutting  edge,  producing  minute  notches. 
H.  \V2,  W.  2  mill. 


Lingual  Dentition  of  V.  minuta.  —  [Morse.] 
Fig,  68, 


Station,  among  grass,  under  boards  and  rubbish. 
Chester  County.  Everywhere  abundant. 

OBS.  —  Until  recently,  a  majority  of  writers  on  con- 
chology,  considered  Say's  species  identical  with  the 
European  V.  pulchella,  Mull.  Prof.  E.  S.  Morse,  in  his 
admirable  paper  on  "  The  Terrestrial  Pulmonifera  of 
Maine"  has  pointed  out  the  difference  between  the  two 
species.  These  are  shown  in  the  accompanying  outline 
figures,  copied  from  the  above  work  —  Fig.  69,  V. 
minuta,  Say;  and  Fig.  70,  V.  pulchella,  Miill.  By  a 
comparison  of  these  figures  it  will  be  evident  that  our 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


45 


shell  is  more  depressed;   the  whorls  are  smaller;  the 
aperture   is  wider,  and   less   round ;   and  the  angle  of 

V.  minutft.  —  [Morse.]  V.  pulchella.  —  [Morse.] 


Fig,  69. 


r 


aperture,  is  27°;  while  in  V.  pulchella  it  is  35°.  They 
also  differ  in  the  dentition  of  the  lingual  membrane ; 
and  the  periostraca.  Both  species  agree  in  presenting 
varieties  which  are  strongly,  and  transversely,  costate. 


Sub-genus  PATULA,  HELDWIG,  1837. 

Shell  umbilicate,  turbinate,  or  depressed-discoid ;  ru- 
gose or  costate-striate  ;  whorls  4-5,  sub-equal;  aperture 
lunate-rotundate  ;  peristome  simple,  acute,  straight. 

P.  striatella,  ANTHONY. 

Helix  striatella,  Anthony,  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist,  III., 
1840. 


JP.  striatella.  —  [B.  &  B.] 

Fig.  71. 


Jaw  of  P.  striatella.  — [Morse.  \ 
Fig.  72, 


Shell  depressed-convex,  reddish  horn  color,  or  brown  ; 


46  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

whorls  3-4,  strongly  oblique-striate ;  suture  lightly  im- 
pressed;  aperture    rounded,    or   transverse;    umbilicus 


Lingual  Dentition  of  f.  striatella.  —  [Morse.] 
Fig,  73, 


expanded,  shallow;  lingual  membrane  with  100  rows 
of  16-1-16  teeth,  each  ;  buccal  plate  arcuate,  surface  with 
converging  striae,  and  irregular  notches  on  the  concave 
margin.  H.  2^4,  W.  5,  mill. 

Station,  under  decayed  bark,  and  leaves.     New  Gar- 
den, Chester  County  ;  frequent. 


Sub-genus  STROBILA,  MORSE,  1864. 

Animal  of  Strobila  labyrinthica. —  [Morse.] 
Pig,  74, 


Shell  very  small,  turbinate,  with  revolving  laminated 
teeth,  within  both  the  columellar,  and  basal,  lips  ;  whorls 
numerous,  strongly  striate-costate ;  lip  simple. 

S.  labyrinthica,  SAY. 

Helix  labyrinthica,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.  S.,  L, 
1817. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


47 


Shell  obtuse-conic,  reddish  brown;  s.\ 
whorls  6,  heavily  ribbed,  above,  more 
smooth  beneath ;  lip  thickened,  some- 
what reflected;  base  flattened;  umbilicus 
small ;  aperture  narrow-lunate,  with  three 
revolving  lamina,  on  the  parietal  wall  — 
one  at  the  base ;  and  two,  far  within  the 
outer  lip,  near  the  base ;  lingual  mem- 
brane with  78  rows  of  13-1-13  teeth, 
each ;  buccal  plate  slightly  arcuate,  mi- 
nutely notched  on  the  cutting  edge.  H.  2%,  W. 
mill. 

Lingual  Dentition  of  S.  labyrinthica.  —  [Morse.] 

Fig,  77, 


Station,  under  the  bark  of  decayed  logs.     Chester 
County;  frequent. 


Sub-genus  HELICODISCUS,  MORSE,  1864. 

Animal  of  Helicodiscus  lineata,  enlarged.  —  [Morse.] 

Fig,  78, 


Shell  minute,  flat ;  whorls  equally  visible,  above  and 
below,  with  revolving  striae ;  unicolored,  whitish ;  one, 
or  more,  lamellar  teeth,  within  the  outer  lip. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


s.  imeata,  en. 

larffed.-[B.  &  B.] 
Fig,  79, 


H.  lineata,  SAY. 

Helix  lineata,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila. 

p    g      J       j  g  j  « 

Shell  small,  discoid,  pale  greenish  yel- 
low ;  whorls  4,  planulate  above,  concave 
beneath,  with  about  fifteen  revolving 
lines  ;  aperture  narrow-lunate,  two  pairs 
of  teeth,  within  the  outer  lip;  one  pair 
visible,  the  other  deeper;  lingual  mem- 
brane with  77  curving  rows  of  12-1-12 
teeth,  each  ;  buccal  plate  narrow,  crescentic,  anterior 

surface,  with  converging  striae, 

Jaw  of  H.  lineata.  —  [Morse.] 

Fig,  80.  cutting  margin  smooth,  with  a 

median  projection.     H.  i,  W. 
3,  mill. 

Lingual  Dentition  of  H.  lineata.  —  [Morse.] 

Fig.  81, 


Station,  in  cool  wet  places,  under  stones.     Chester 
County;  frequent. 

Sub-genus  PUNCTUM,  MORSE,  1864. 

Shell  exceedingly  minute,  discoid,  umbilicate;  aperture 
rounded  ;  peristome  thin,  acute. 

P.  minutissimum,  LEA. 

Helix    minutissima,   Lea,   Trans.   Arner.   Phil.   Soct, 
IX.,  1841. 

Shell  very  minute,  depressed-turbinate,  above,  convex 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  49 

below;  pale  fuscous,  minutely  striate ;  whorls  4;  aper- 
ture transversely-lunate ;  umbilicus  wide ;  lingual  mem- 

P.  minutissimum.  Jaw  of  P.  minutissimum. 

[B.  &  B.]  [Morse.] 

Fig.  82,  Fig,  83, 


brane  with  54  arched  rows  of  13-1-13  teeth,  each  ;  buccal 
plate  consisting  of  sixteen,  corneous  lamina,  partially 

Lingual-  Dentition  of  P.  minutissimum,  —  [Morse.] 

Fig,  84, 


overlapping,  and  recurved,  on  their  cutting  edge.     H. 
i,  W.  \y2,  mill. 
Station,  among  fallen  leaves.     Western  Pennsylvania. 

Family  SUCCINID^E. 

Shell  oblique-ovate,  imperforate,  thin,  pellucid,  uni- 
colored  ;  spire  very  small ;  body  whorl  large,  inflated ; 
aperture  large,  oval,  or  ovate ;  peristome  simple,  acute ; 
animal  resembling  that  of  Helix;  tentacles  short,  conoid. 

OBS.  —  These  animals  mostly  affect  low  grounds, 
along  the  margin  of  streams,  or  where  it  is  subject  to 
overflow;  while  others  are  found  only  on  high  ground, 
remote  from  water.  When  supplied  with  abundant  food, 
and  moisture,  they  seem  almost  too  large  to  enter  fully 
into  their  shells ;  when  these  fail  them,  and  on  the 
approach  of  cold  weather,  this  difficulty  ceases.  In 
organization,  they  are  very  much  like  the  common 
snail,  and  their  general  habits  are  also  very  similar. 
5  D 


CONCHOLOGIA     CESTRICA. 


Genus  SUCCINEA,  DRAPARNAND,  1801. 

Animal  of  Succinea. 

Fig,  85, 


Generic  characters  as  above. 

S.  ovalis,  GOULD  (non  SAY),  Invert,  Mass.,  1841. 
Shell   ovate-conic,   very   thin,   shining,  pale    amber; 
s,  ovaiis.  spire  acute  ;  whorls  3,  the  last  elon-  Jnw  of  s.  ovaiis. 

IB   &  Bl  i  111  11  [Morse.] 

Fi    86    Sated  >  aperture  produced,  broadly         p-    87 
rounded  below,  more  than  three- 
fourths  of  the  total  length  ;  lingual 
membrane  with  80  rows  of  40-1-40 
teeth,  each  ;  buccal  plate  strongly 

arcuate,  with  three  small  folds  on  the  cut-  \ 

ting  edge.     H.  12,  W.  6,  mill. 

Lingual  Dentition  of  S.  ovalis.  —  [Morse.] 
Fig,  88, 


S.   obliqua 

(B.  &  B. 

Fig,  89, 


Station,  on  plants,  and  among  wet  chips,  in  autumn. 
Chester  County ;  frequent. 

S.  obliqua,  SAY,  Long's  Exped.,  II.,  1824. 

Shell  ovate,  thin,  shining,  striate;  whorls 
3,  last  whorl  ovate ;  aperture  oval,  both  sides 
equally  curved ;  nearly  three-fourths  of  the 
total  length;  yellowish  green.  H.  20—25,  W. 
12-13,  mill- 
Station,  on  plants  growing  in  and  near 
water.  Chester  County  ;  frequent. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  $1 

S.  avara,  SAY,  Long's  Exped.,  II.,  1822. 

Shell  sub-oval,  pale  reddish-yellow;  whorls  3,  rounded, 
with  a  deep  suture  ;  aperture  sub-ovate,  s.  avara,  enlarged. 
two-thirds  the  whole  length.  H.  6,  W.  rjgi 

,  mill. 


Station,  in  damp  pastures,  lawns,  etc. 
Chester  County ;  common. 

Family  PUPAD^E. 

Shell  mostly  small,  cylindrical,  ovate,  or  ovate-conical, 
and  elongated  ;  whorls  numerous,  the  last  not  expanded ; 
aperture  sub-circular,  simple,  or  armed  with  denticles ; 
lip  simple,  or  reflected ;  umbilicate.  Animal  twice  as  long, 
as  broad ;  broad,  and  square,  in  front ;  head  separated 
from  the  foot  beneath,  by  a  transverse  groove;  head 
transverse ;  tentacles  four,  the  upper  pair,  occuliferous. 

OBS.  —  These  pygmy  mollusks  are  so  minute  as  to 
elude  observation,  unless  specially  sought  for,  in  the 
stations  they  inhabit.  Some  species  are  found  in  woods, 
under  the  bark  of  decayed  timber,  while  others  occur 
more  abundantly  under  stones,  boards,  or  chips,  near  the 
margin  of  streams.  Several  species  of  Vertigo  are  found 
abundantly,  in  grass  fields,  and  lawns,  or  among  moss. 
In  the  latter  stations,  they  may  be  readily  captured 
during  the  summer  and  early  fall  months  by  placing  a 
board  on  the  wet  grass  in  the  evening ;  to  the  under 
surface  of  which  they  will  be  found  closely  adhering  on 
the  next  morning.  Like  most  of  their  class,  they  are 
vegetable  feeders.  In  winter,  they  bury  themselves  in 
the  ground,  or  beneath  decayed  leaves. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


DIAGRAM  OF   THE  SUB-FAMILIES,  GENERA,  AND   SPECIES,  OF  THE 
FAMILY  PUPADJE. 

FAMILY. 


PUPAD^E. 


SUB-FAMILIES. 

GENERA.                    SPECIES. 

ZUIN^E. 

ZUA.                             lubricoidea. 
ACICULA.                     acicula. 

fallax, 

marginata, 

PUPIN^E. 

LEUCOCHILA. 

pentodon, 
armifera, 

contracta, 

corticaria. 

{ovata, 

VERTIGINININ^E. 

m\ltm1' 

decora. 

Sub-genus  ZUA,  LEACH,  1820. 

Animal  of  Zua,  enlarged.  —  [Reeve.] 
Fig,  91, 


Shell  small,  elongated,  cylindrical,  or  sub-conic ; 
whorls  numerous;  apex  sub-obtuse;  last  whorl  elon- 
gated, half  as  long  as  the  shell ;  aperture  ovate ;  lip 
thin,  sub-effuse  at  base ;  no  umbilicus. 

Z.  lubricoidea,  STIMPSON. 

Bulimus  lubricoides,  Stimp.,  Test.  Moll.  N.  E.,  1851. 
Bulimus  lubricus,  Say,  and  others. 


Z,  lubricoidea [B.  &  B.] 

rig,  92, 


Jaw  of  Z.  lubricoidea.  —  [Morse.] 

Fig.  93, 


Shell   oblong-oval,   sub-acute,   shining,   pale    brown ; 
whorls  about  6,  slightly  rounded;  aperture  lateral,  oval; 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


53 


lip  simple,  with  the  margin  thickened,  and  often  rufous; 
lingual  membrane,  with  90  rows  of  43  teeth,  each ; 
buccal  plate  slightly  arcuate,  with  conspicuous  longi- 


Lingual  Dentition  of  Z.  lubricoidea.  —  [Morse.] 
Fig,  94, 


tudinal  striae ;  cutting  edge  with  an  obtuse  beak  in  the 
centre.  H.  5,  W.  2,  mill. 

Station,  under  the  bark  of  decayed  timber,  and  moist 
decayed  leaves.  Chester  County ;  frequent. 

OBS.  —  This  shell  was,  for  a  long  time,  supposed  to 
be  identical  with  the  English  species,  Zua  lubrica,  Miil- 
ler.  To  this  opinion,  the  late  Dr.  Stimpson  was  the  first 
to  demur,  on  the  score  of  its  wide  diffusion  over  this 
Continent ;  and  a  further  examination,  by  Prof.  E.  S. 
Morse,  tends  to  confirm  the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Stimpson, 
as  to  its  specific  distinction.  Fig.  95,  a,  represents  an 
enlarged  view  of  the  central  and  lateral  denticle  of  Zua 
lubricoidea,  Stimp.;  and  Fig.  95,  b,  the  same  denticles 


t,  Dentition  of  Z,  lubricoidea.    b,  Dentition  of  Z.  lubrica,—  [Morse.] 

Fig,  95, 


of  Zua  lubrica,  Mull.     Our  shell  also  differs  in  other 
respects  from  its  foreign  analogue. 


54  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

Sub-genus  ACICULA,  Risso,  1826. 

Animal  of  Acicula,  enlarged.  —  [Reeve.] 
Pig,  96, 


Shell  slender,  elongate,  turreted,  imperforate,  thin, 
polished ;  whorls  6  or  7,  the  last  rounded  at  base ; 
columella  slightly  twisted,  truncated  at  base,  aperture 
oblong,  peristome  simple,  acute. 

A.  acicula,  MULLER. 

Buccinum   acicula,   Miill.,  Hist.  Verm.,  II., 

A.acicula, 
enlarged.      \  J  J A 

[B.  &  B.] 

Fig-  97,  Shell  very  delicate,  transparent,  bluish- 
white,  cylindrical ;  whorls  7,  the  last  one 
more  than  half  the  whole  length ;  aperture 
oblong-ovate.  H.  5,  W.  ij^,  mill. 

Station,  green-houses,  and  nurseries.     New 
Garden,  Chester  County ;  rare. 
OBS.  —  An  exotic  species,  sometimes  imported  with 
nursery  and  green-house  plants. 


Sub-genus    LEUCOCHILA,  ALBERS,    ET    MARTIENS, 

1860. 

Animal  of  LeucocJiila  pentodon. 

Fig,  98, 


Shell  cylindrical-ovate,  rather  obtuse,  shining,  pel- 
lucid ;  whorls  6—7  ;  aperture  semi-oval,  mostly  narrowed, 
by  folds ;  peristome  thickened,  and  reflexed. 

Animal,  with  four  distinct  tentacles. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


L.  pentodon,  SAY. 

Vertigo  pentodon,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.  S.,  II., 
1822. 


L.  pentodon.  —  [B.  &  B.] 

Pig,  99, 


Jaw  of  TJ.  pentodon.  —  [Morse.] 

Fig,  100, 


Shell  ovate,  umbilicate,  whitish ;  whorls  5  ;  apex  sub- 
acute ;  aperture  oblique,  semicircular;  teeth  5,  or  more; 
lip  not  reflected ;  one  prominent  tooth  on  the  pillar  lip ; 
the  outer  lip  callous,  with  a  series  of  4  to  7  small 
teeth;  lingual  membrane,  with  64  rows  of  10-1-10  teeth, 

Lingual  Dentition  of  L.  pentodon.  —  [Morse.] 
Fig,  101, 


each  ;  buccal  plate  slightly  arcuate,  wrinkled  longitu- 
dinally ;  with  the  cutting  edge  minutely  notched.  H.  2, 
nearly,  W.  I,  mill. 

Station,  among  grass,  and  under  boards  and  rubbish. 
Chester  County  ;  frequent. 

L.  marginata,  SAY. 

Cyclostoma  marginata,  Say,  Jour.  Acad. 
Phila.  F.  S.,  II,  1821. 

Shell  small  cylindric-ovate,  acute,  pale 
horn  color  ;  whorls  6,  convex,  the  last  not 
much  enlarged,  and  less  than  half  the  length 


Fig,  102, 


50  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.      . 

of  the  shell ;  aperture  rounded,  with  the  margin  reflected, 
flattened,  white.     H.  4^,  W.  2,  mill. 

Station,  in  grass  fields,  and  often  under  stones,  and 
loose  bark.     Chester  County ;  common. 


L.  fallax,  SAY. 

Pupa    fallax,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.  S., 

J.  fallax.  J      J 

Fig.  103,      V.,   1825. 

Shell  conical,  acute ;  suture  deep ;  whorls  6, 
the  last,  one-third  wider  than  the  preceding 
one,  and  more  than  half  the  entire  length ; 
aperture  oval ;  the  margin  sub-revolute,  but  not 
flattened,  unicolored ;  columella  rectilinear, 
longitudinal.  H.  4^,  W.  2^,  mill. 

Station,  under  bark,  near  Philadelphia.  (Tryon.) 


L.  armifera,  SAY. 

Pupa  armifera,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila. 
Fig.  104.  F.  S.,  II.,   1821. 

Shell  oblong-oval;  whorls  6;  lip  re- 
flected, white,  almost  completing  the 
circle ;  aperture  nearly  circular,  cup- 
form,  with  four,  or  more,  teeth  —  one  on 
the  pillar  lip,  large,  prominent,  one  near 
the  base,  and  two  or  three  smaller  ones, 
on  the  outer  lip;  umbilicus  small.  H. 
:,  W.  2,  mill. 

Station,  among  grass,  and  under  chips 
and  stones,  near  streams.  New  Garden,  Chester  County  ; 
common. 


L.  contracta,  SAY. 

Pupa   contracta,   Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.    F.  S.,  II., 
1822. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


57 


pig,  105, 


Shell  whitish,  cylindro-conic  ;  whorls  5  ;  lip  thick- 
ened, subreflected,  white,  its  extremities 
united  ;  aperture  triangular,  funnel-shaped, 
with  four  teeth  —  one  very  large  on  the  col- 
umella,  a  small  one  on  the  margin  of  the 
outer  lip,  and  two  larger  ones,  deep  in  the 
narrow  throat.  H.  2^,  W.  I,  mill. 

Station,    with    the    preceding.       Chester 
County;  abundant. 


[B.  &  B.] 
Fig,  106, 


L.  corticaria,  SAY. 

Pupa  corticaria,  Say,  Nich.  Encyc.,  Amer.  Ed.,  1817. 

Shell  cylindrical,  obtuse,  shining,  whitish  ; 
whorls  5 ;  aperture  lateral,  sub-orbicular; 
lip  reflected ;  a  tooth  on  the  pillar  lip,  and 
an  internal  tubercle,  near  the  very  small 
umbilicus.  H.  2j^,  W.  I,  mill. 

Station,  under  the  loose  bark  of  trees, 
near  the  earth.  New  Garden,  and  near 
West  Chester,  Chester  County ;  rare. 


Genus  VERTIGO,  MULLER,  1774. 

Shell  rimate,  ovate ;  apex  obtuse ;  whorls  5-6,  round- 
ed ;  aperture  semi-oval,  with  4-7  folds ;  peristome  not 
much  expanded ;  lip  white. 

Animal  with  lappets  on  each  side  of  the  head;  inferior 
tentacles  wanting. 

V.  ovata,  SAY. 

Vertigo  ovata,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.  S.,  II.,  1822. 

Shell  ovate-conic,  ventricose,  dark-amber  colored ; 
whorls  5,  the  last  much  inflated,  upper  ones  sub-acute; 
teeth  six  —  two  on  the  transverse  lip,  two  on  the  colu- 


5§  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

mellar  margin,  and  two  on  the  outer  margin ;  outer  lip 


V.  ovata.—  [B.  &  B.] 
Fig,  107, 


Jaw  of  V.  ovata.  —  [Morse.] 
Pig,  108, 


forming  two  segments  of  circles ;  umbilicus  expanded. 
H.  i#,  W.  i,  mill. 

Lingual  Dentition  of  V.  ovata.  —  [Morse.] 

Fig,  109, 


Station,  in  lawns  and  pastures,  or  among  dead  leaves, 
chips,  etc.,  etc.     Chester  County ;  abundant. 

V.  decora,  GOULD. 

Pupa  decora,  Gould,  Proc.  Bost.  Soct.  Nat.  Hist.,  II., 
1842. 

Shell  minute,  ovately  cylindrical,  amber 
colored ;  whorls  6,  well  rounded,  striated ; 
apex  obtuse ;  suture  deep,  umbilicate ;  aper- 
ture small,  rounded,  with  four  teeth  —  one 
on  the  parietal  wall,  one  on  the  columella, 
and  two  others,  on  the  outer  peritreme, 
forming  the  arms  of  a  cross.  H.  2^,W.  ij^, 
mill. 

Station,  among  grass,  in  company  with 
V.  ovata.  West  Chester,  Chester  County ;  rare. 


F.  decora, 
enlarged. 

[Gould.] 
Fig,  110, 


CONCHOLOGIA     CESTRICA. 


59 


V.  Gouldii,  BINNEY. 

Pupa  Gouldii,  Binn.,  Proc.  Bost.  Soct  Nat.   Hist,  L, 

1843- 

Shell  very  small,  ovate-cylindric,  chestnut-    F*  Gouldii- 

J  [B.  &  B.] 

brown;  whorls  4;  apex  obtuse;  aperture  Fig, ill, 
lateral,  with  four  white,  prominent,  teeth  — 
one  on  the  transverse  margin,  two  on  the 
umbilical  margin,  and  two  on  the  thick,  sub- 
reflected  lip;  umbilicus  closed.  H.  i^,  W. 
I,  mill. 

Station,   among    grass,   and  rubbish.     New    Garden, 
Chester  County ;  common. 

V.  milium,  GOULD. 

Pupa    milium,    Gould,    Bost.    Jour.    Nat.    Hist,    III., 
1840. 


F.  milium.  —  [B.  &  B.] 
Fig,  112, 


Shell  very  minute,  chestnut  col- 
ored, cylindric-oval ;  whorls  5,  fine- 
striate ;  lip  reflected,  white  ;  aperture 
lateral,  half  as  wide  as  the  last 
whorl,  composed  of  two  curves ; 
teeth  six  —  two  on  the  transverse 
margin,  two  on  the  umbilical  side, 
and  two  on  the  outer  lip  —  that  at  the  junction  of  the 
two  curves  being  longest;  umbilicus  large.  H.  I,  W. 
two-thirds,  mill. 

Station,  among  grass,  leaves,  and  under  chips.  New 
Garden,  Chester  County  ;  common. 

OBS. —  This  is  one  of  our  smallest  shells.  Prof. 
Adams  says,  "  twelve  mature  specimens  weighed  less 
than  one-sixteenth  of  a  grain."  2100  shells,  weighed 
by  us,  weigh  only  ten  grains,  when  fully  dry ;  which  is 
equal  to  210  shells  to  a  grain,  including  the  dried 
animals. 


60  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

Sub-order  LIMNOPHILA. 

INOPERCULATA. 

Operculum  wanting. 

Animal  mostly  fluviatile,  sometimes  amphibious; 
tentacles  two,  flattened,  or  subcylindrical,  simply  con- 
tractile ;  eyes  sessile,  at  the  base  of  the  tentacles. 

OBS.  —  Some  of  the  animals  of  this  order  are  con- 
sidered terrestrial,  as  they  are  only  found  in  wet  places, 
within  reach  of  the  tides.  They  serve  as  the  connecting 
link  between  the  Geophila  and  Limnophila. 

Family  AURICULID^. 

Shell  spiral,  with  a  horny  epidermis ;  aperture  elon- 
gated ;  inner  lip  strongly  folded ;  outer,  frequently 
dentate. 

Animal  with  subcylindrical,  contractile,  tentacles; 
with  the  eyes  at  their  inner  base;  usually  frequenting, 
salt  marshes. 

Genus  CARYCHIUM,  MULLER,  1774. 

Animal  of  Cari/cJiium  exiguium. 

Fig.  113, 


Shell  elongated,  very  thin,  transparent ;  aperture  with 
one  columellar  tooth  ;  peristome  expanded,  its  extremi- 
ties not  approximate ;  the  right  one,  with  a  small 
columellar  fold. 

C.  exiguium,  SAY. 

Pupa  exigua,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.  S.,  II.,  1822. 


CONCHOLOGIA     CESTRICA.  6l 

Shell  very  small,  cylindrical,  tapering  at  both  ends, 
white,  shining;   whorls  5-6,  very  oblique; 
aperture  oblique,  oval,  with  a  plait,  on  the  c' 
columella,  and  a  slight  one  near  to  the  open 
umbilicus;  lip  thick,  reflected,  and  flattened; 
lingual   membrane  with   the   rows  of  teeth 
slightly  bent;    buccal   plate   plain,   slightly 
arched.     H.  i^,  W.  ^,  mill. 

Lingual  Dentition  of  C.  exiguium.  —  [Morse.] 
Fig,  115, 


Station,  among  chips,  moss,  etc.,  almost  in  the  water. 
New  Garden,  Chester  County ;  frequent. 

Family  LIMNAEID^. 

Shell  variable,  thin,  horn  color,  usually  with  a  slight 
fold  on  the  columella ;  lip  simple,  acute. 

Animal,  muzzle  short,  broad,  dilated ;  tentacles  con- 
tractile, flattened,  subulate;  eyes  at  their  inner  base; 
respiratory  orifice  on  the  right  side. 

Station,  fresh  water ;  rising  to  the  surface  to  breathe. 

OBS.  —  The  Limnaeidce  are  generally  sluggish  animals; 
often  preferring  stagnant  pools  to  clear  running  streams. 
They  are  herbivorous,  feeding  on  the  small  confervoid 
plants  which  everywhere  abound,  in  places  which  they 
inhabit. 

Their  breeding  season  commences  in  the  spring,  and 
extends  to  midsummer.  During  this  period,  they  are 
more  readily  found,  and  captured.  In  early  autumn, 
they  fill  the  pulmonary  cavity  with  air,  and  soon  disap- 
pear beneath  the  mud ;  still  penetrating  deeper,  as  the 
cold  increases. 
6 


62 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


DIAGRAM  OF  THE  SUB-FAMILIES,  GENERA,  SUB-GENERA,  AND 
SPECIES,  OF  THE  FAMILY  LIMNAEID^E. 


FAMILY. 


LIMNAEIDjE. 


SUB-FAMILY. 


LIMNAEIN.E. 


PHYSIN^E. 


PLANORBIN^E. 


ANCYLIN^E. 


GENERA. 

SPECIES. 

RADIX. 

columella, 

macrostoma. 

catascopium, 

-elodes, 

LlMNOPHYSA. 

reflexa, 
desidiosa, 

humilis, 

caperata. 

'  ancillaria, 

PHVBA. 

heterostropha, 
gyrina, 

lata. 

BULINUS. 

hypnorum. 

SUB-GENUS. 

PLANORBELLA. 

campanulatus. 

SUB-GENUS. 
HELISOMA. 

[trivolvis, 
var.  fallax, 
bicarinatus. 

SUB-GENUS. 

MENETUS. 

exacutus. 

deflectus, 

parvus, 

albus, 

^  dilatatus. 

SUB-GENUS. 

PLANORBULA. 

armigera. 

f             GENUS. 

[rivularis, 

[_  ANCYLUS. 

tardus. 

Genus  LIMN^A,  LAMARCK,  1799. 

Animal  of  lAnmcea  desidiosa.  — [W.  G.  B.j 
Fig,  116, 


Shell,  dextral,  spiral,  oblong,  or  ovate,  translucent, 
horn  color ;  spire  acute ;  last  whorl  ventricose ;  aperture 
large,  wide,  rounded  below;  inner  lip  with  an  oblique 
fold  ;  outer  lip  simple. 

Animal,  tentacles  flattened,  triangular;  mantle  thick- 
ened in  front ;  foot  short,  rounded. 

Sub-genus  RADIX,  MONTFORT,  1810. 

Shell,  sub-ovate,  ventricose;  aperture  more  than  half 
the  length  of  the  shell,  greatly  expanded. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  63 

R.  columella,  SAY. 

Lymnaea  columella,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.  S,  I., 
1817. 

R.  columella.  —  [W.  G.  B.]  Jaw  of  R.  columella.  —  [W.  G.  B. J 

Fig,  117,  Fig,  118, 


Shell,  thin,  fragile,  pale;  whorls  4;  spire  acute;  aper- 
ture expanded,  ovate ;  columella  narrowed  near  the  base, 
so  as  to  exhibit  the  interior  of  the  spire.  H.  15,  W.  8, 
mill. 

lAngual  Dentition  of  R.  columella.  —  [W.  G.  B.] 
Fig,  119, 


Station,  stagnant  streams  and  muddy  pools.     Chester 
County;  common. 

R.  macrostoma,  SAY. 

Lymneus  macrostomus,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.  S., 
II,  1821. 

Shell,  sub-oval,  thin,  and  fragile,  straw-yellow  ;  whorls 
5,  with  the   lines  of  growth  crossed  by  R. 


minute    spiral    striae  ;    suture    impressed  ;        tw-  G-  B-l 

Fig,  120, 

spire  acute,  one-third  the  length  of  the 
aperture,  which  is  large  and  expanded  ; 
outer  peritreme  slightly  reflexed  and 
forming  (with  a  thin  coat  of  calcareous 
matter  on  the  columella)  a  slight  umbili- 
cus. H.  20,  W.  12,  mill. 

Station,  ponds.     Pickering  Creek  ;  Chester  County. 


64  CONCHOLOGIA     CESTRICA. 

Sub-genus  LIMNOPHYSA,  FITZINGER,  1833. 

Shell,  ovate-oblong ;    whorls    rounded ;    spire    conic, 
about  as  long  as  the  aperture ;  outer  lip  not  spreading. 

L.  catascopium,  SAY. 
L.  catascopium.       Lymnaea  catascopium,  Say,  Nich.  Ency., 

[W.G.B.]        Amer.  Ed.,  1817. 

Pig,  121, 

Shell,  horn  color,  or  reddish  ;  whorls 
4-5,  first  large;  the  spire  darker,  acute; 
aperture  large,  oval,  less  than  three-fourths 
the  length  of  the  shell.  H.  18,  W.  12, 
mill. 

Lingual  Dentition  of  L.  catascopium.  —  [W.  G.  B.] 
Fig,  122, 


Station,  Delaware  and  Schuylkill  Rivers  ;  abundant. 

L.  elodes,  SAY. 

Lymneus  elodes,   Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.  S.,  II., 
1821. 


Shell>  oblong-conic,  thin;  whorls  5,  regularly 
Tig,  123,  rounded  ;  in  some  instances,  the  lines  of  growth, 
with  the  revolving  striae,  produce,  by  their  de- 
cussation,  numerous  small  facets  ;  suture  mod- 
erate ;  umbilicus  slight  ;  aperture  sub-oval,  less 
than  half  the  length,  often  reddish,  and  slightly 
thickened,  within.  H.  20,  W.  9,  mill. 

Station,  Schuylkill  River  ;  Chester  County. 
OBS.  —  The  variable  character  of  this  species  is  doubt- 
less, in   a  measure,  due  to   the   differences   of  station. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  65 

Whether  (as  has  been  alleged)  L.  elodes,  Say,  and  L. 
catascopium,  Say,  are  mutually  convertible  species,  we 
are,  at  present,  unable  to  decide. 

L.  reflexa,  SAY. 

Ly  mneus  reflexus,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.S.,  II.,  1821. 

Shell,    much     elongated,    pale     brownish;  ^JT]' 
whorls  6,  oblique;    spire  one  and  a  half  the     Pig,  124, 
length  of  the  aperture,  slightly  reflected  from 
the  middle  ;  two  or  three  terminal  whorls  vit- 
reous ;  aperture  narrow  ;  lip  with  a  pale  mar- 
gin, and  colored  sub-margin.     H.  30,  W.  10, 
mill. 

Station,  in  lakes  and  ponds.     New  Garden, 
Chester  County. 

L.  desidiosa,  SAY. 

Lymneus  desidiosus,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.  S.,  II., 
1821. 

Shell,  oblong,  sub-conic,  thin,  brownish, 
or  light  ochraceous  ;  whorls  5,  convex; 
suture  deep  ;  lines  of  accretion  coarse,  with 
a  tendency  to  form  facets,  on  the  body 
whorl  ;  spire  rapidly  attenuated  to  an  acute 
point,  as  long  as  the  aperture;  columellar 
fold  slight;  umbilicus  small.  H.  8,  W.  4^,  mill. 

Station,  ponds  and  streams.  Chester  County;  common. 

L.  humilis,  SAY. 

Lymneus  humilis,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.  S.,  II.,  1  822. 


Shell,  ovate-conic,  thin,  translucent  ;  whorls  *<• 

I  AV    C*     R   1 

5-6;  aperture  equal  to  the  spire,  with  a  cal-  F.'  126 

careous  deposit  on  the  pillar  lip  ;  umbilicus  A. 

distinct;    color   yellowish,  or    reddish-white.  feA 

H.  6,  W.  3,  mill.  ^ 

Station,  sluggish  rivulets.    Chester  County  ;  common. 
6*                                   E 


66  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

\ 

L.  caperata,  SAY. 

caperata.       Lymncus     caperatus,    Say,    New    Harm. 

Diss-  "•>  i829- 

Shell,  elongate-oval,  yellowish  horn  color; 
spire  acute,  equalling  the  length  of  the  aper- 
ture ;  whorls  with  five  equilateral  revolving 
lines ;  suture  impressed ;  aperture  rather  di- 
lated.    H.  26,  W.  10,  mill. 

Station,  Schuylkill  River ;  common. 


Genus  PHYSA,  DRAPARNAUD,  1801. 

Animal  of  P7iysa.  —  [W.  G.  B.] 

Figf  128. 


Shell,  sinistral,  oblong,  thin,  polished ;  spire  acute ; 
aperture  oval,  rounded  below,  not  dilated;  inner  lip 
formed  by  a  deposit  on  the  last  whorl;  outer  one 
acute. 

Animal,  tentacles  slender,  setaceous;  mantle  digitate; 
foot  long,  posteriorly,  acuminate. 

P.  ancillaria,  SAY,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.  S.,  V., 
1825. 

F.ancMlaria.  Shell>       gub-globoSC,       brOWllish  -  yellow  J 

Fig.  129.  whorls  4,  rapidly  attenuated ;  spire  hardly 
elevated  above  the  general  curve ;  aperture 
dilated,  but  little  shorter  than  the  shell ;  lip 
thickened  on  its  inner  margin.  H.  16,  W. 
12,  mill. 

Station,      Brandywine      Creek,     Chester 
County. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  6/ 

Lingual  Dentition  of  P.  anciUaria.  —  [W.  G   B.J 

Fig,  130, 


P.  heterostropha,  SAY,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.  S.,  II., 
1821. 


Shell  sub-ovate,  pale  yellow  to  chestnut; 
whorls  4,  the  first  large,  the  rest  very  Fig,  m, 
small  ;  apex  abrupt,  acute  ;  aperture  oval, 
three-fourths  the  length  of  the  shell  ;  lip 
slightly  thickened,  within,  pearly.  H.  16, 
W.  9,  mill. 

Station,  springs  and  small  streams.     Chester  County; 
very  abundant. 

P.  gyrina,  SAY,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.  S.,  II.,  1821. 

Shell,  oblong  ;  whorls  5-6,  gradually  acu- 
minated;  aperture  a  little  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  shell  ;  outer  lip  thickened  within 
the  margin.  H.  17,  W.  10,  mill. 

Station,  streams.     Western  Pennsylvania. 

OBS.  —  Sometimes  confounded  with  the 
preceding  species. 


68  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

P.  lata,  TRYON,  Contin.  F.  W.  Moll.  U.  S. 
p.iata.  Shell,  very  fragile,  light  horn  color,  waxy, 
irregularly  striate ;  spire  moderately  elevated ; 
whorls  convex ;  apex  acute ;  suture  well  im- 
pressed ;  body  inflated ;  aperture  rather  large ; 
columellar  lip  turned  to  the  right,  very  narrow, 
distinctly  folded.  H.  10.5,  W.  7,  mill. 

Station,  Juniata  River,  Hollidaysburg,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

OBS.  —  This  species  not  having  fallen  under  our  ob- 
servation, the  figure  and  description  have  been  taken 
from  the  recent  admirable  continuation  of  Haldeman's 
Monograph  of  the  Fresh  Water  Univalve  Mollusca,  by 
G.  W.  Tryon,  Jr.,  who  observes  that  "  this  species  has 
very  much  the  form  of  P.  heterostropha,  Say,  but  is 
rather  more  ventricose,  much  thinner,  and  the  surface 
exhibits  a  peculiar,  glimmering  lustre." 

Genus  BULINUS,  ADANSON,  1757. 

Animal  of  Jtuiinus.        Shell,  sinistral,  elongated,  polished, 
Fig,  134,  thin,  acuminate  ;  aperture  narrow,  pro- 

duced anteriorly. 

Animal,  tentacles  filiform,  seta- 
ceous ;  mantle  simple,  not  fringed,  and 
not  reflected  over  the  shell,  as  in  Physa. 

B.  hypnorum,  LINN. 

Physa  hypnorum,  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat,  1758. 


ji.  hifpnorum.       Shell,  oblong,  fragile,  diaphanous ;  whorls 
Pig.  135.         6;  spire  acute ;  aperture  not  dilated,  atten- 
uated above,  half  the  length  of  the  shell ; 
columella   narrowed   at  the   base.     H.    17, 
W.  7,  mill. 

Station,  in  flowing  streams,  and  stagnant 
pools.    New  Garden,  Chester  County;  rare. 


CONCHOLOGIA     CESTRICA.  69 

Genus  PLANORBIS,  GUETTARD,  1756. 

Animal  of  P.  bicarinatus.  —  [W.  G.  B.] 

Fig,  136, 


Shell,  dextral,  discoidal ;  spire  depressed ;  whorls 
numerous,  visible  on  both  sides ;  aperture  crescentic, 
or  transverse-oval ;  peristome  thin,  the  upper  margin 
produced. 

Animal,  tentacles  slender,  filiform ;  foot  short,  ovate. 


Sub-genus  PLANORBELLA,  HALDEMAN,  1842. 

Shell,  with  few  whorls ;  aperture  campanulate,  or  ex- 
panded, prominent 

P.  campanulatus,  SAY. 

Planorbis  campanulatis,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.  S., 
II.,  1821. 

Shell,  with  4  whorls,  longer  than  wide  ;  p. 
spire  plane,  or  nearly  so ;  body  whorl 
abruptly  dilated,  near  the  aperture,  sub- 
campanulate  ;  umbilicus  profound.  H. 
7,  W.  17-12,  mill.,  in  its  greater  and  less 
diameters. 

Station,  in  rivers  and  ponds.     Dela- 
ware Water  Gap,  Pennsylvania. 

Sub-genus  HELISOMA,  SWAINSON,  1840. 

Shell,  ventricose ;  spire  sunk  below  the  body  whorl ; 
whorls  few,  often  angulated. 


70 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


II.  trivolvis. 

[W.  G.  B.] 
Fig,  138, 


H.  trivolvis,  SAY. 

Planorbis  trivolvis,  Say,  Nich.  Encyc., 
Amer.  Ed.,  1816. 

Shell,  pale  brownish-yellow,  sub-cari- 
nate  above  and  beneath,  especially  the 
inner  whorls;  whorls  3-4,  fine  ridge- 
striate  ;  spire  concave ;  aperture  large ; 
lip  thickened,  reddish  within,  vaulted  on 
its  shorter  side ;  umbilicus  wide,  shallow. 
H.  8,  W.  17-13,  mill. 

Station,  ponds  and  streams.  Chester 
County;  common. 

H.  trivolvis,  Var.  fallax,  HALD.,  Lim.,  1842. 

H.  trivolvis,  Var.  fallax.  —  [W.  G.  B.] 

Fig,  139, 


Shell,  thin,  tran£lucent,  carinate  below ;  umbilicus 
very  shallow;  whorls  3,  obsolete-striate ;  lip  acute, 
margined;  aperture  ovate.  H.  7,  W.  13-10,  mill. 

Station,  Schuylkill  River,  Chester  County. 

H.  bicarinata,  SAY. 

H.Mcannata.       Planorbis  bicarinatus,  Say,  Nich.  Encyc., 
[W.G.  B.]       Amer.  Ed.,  1816. 

Fig,  140. 

Shell,  pale  brownish-yellow;    whorls  3, 

carinate  on  both  sides ;  aperture  large ;  lip 
sub-revolute,  arched  above  and  below; 
within  chestnut,  with  two  arched  lines  an- 
swering to  the  carina.  H.  6,  W.  12-9, 
mill. 
Station,  ponds  and  streams.  Chester  County;  common. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  /I 

Sub-genus  MENETUS,  H.  and  A.  ADAMS,  1853. 

Shell,  depressed;  whorls  rapidly  increasing;  periphery 
angulated. 

M.  exacutus,  SAY. 

Planorbis  exacutus,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.  S.,  II., 
1821. 

M.  exacutus.  —  [W.  G.  B.j  M.  exacutus  (abnormal). 

Fig,  141,  Fig,  142, 


Shell,  small,  depressed ;  whorls  4,  wider  than  long, 
carinated  on  the  circumference ;  umbilicus  broad,  and 
deep ;  aperture  below  the  carina,  and  angulated  by  it. 
H.  iy2t  W.  4,  mill. 

Station,  ponds.     Pickering  Creek,  Chester  County. 

Sub-genus  GYRAULUS,  AGASSIZ,  1837. 

Shell,  orbicular  above,  flat  beneath ;  whorls  few, 
rapidly  increasing. 

G.  deflectus,  SAY. 

Planorbis  deflectus,  Say,  Long's   Exped,   G'[*ef%c%1*' 

II.,  1824.  Fig,  143, 

Shell,  small,  depressed ;  whorls  nearly  5, 
flattened,  smooth,  fine  striate ;  margin  ob- 
tusely carinate;  last  whorl  deflected  down- 
wards near  the  aperture ;  which  is  large  and 
very  oblique.  H.  2,  W.  6,  mill. 

Station,  ponds  and  rivulets.  Pickering  Creek,  Ches- 
ter County ;  frequent. 


72  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

G.  parvus,  SAY. 

Planorbis  parvus,  Say,  Nich.  Encyc.,  Amer.  Ed.,  1816. 

G. parvus.        Shell,   very  small,   horn   color;   whorls  4. 

I W   C1    B  1 

Fig,  144,      ^ne  striate;   flat  above,  with  the   centre   im- 
/^j\        pressed  ;    beneath,  concave  ;    periphery  often 
sub-carinate ;    aperture   oval,  oblique,   longer 
than  wide.     H.  ft,  W.  2j£,  mill. 

Station,  with  the  preceding  species.    Chester  County; 
common. 


G.  albus,  MULLER. 

Planorbis  albus,  Mull.,  Hist.  Vermet.,  II.,  1773. 

G. albus.  Shell,  small,  pale  yellowish,  or  white;  whorls 
[w.  G.  B.]  g-^  the  outer  rapidly  increasing,  and  marked 
by  revolving  lines,  with  stiff  hair ;  both  sides 
concave,  the  lower  most  so ;  aperture  sub-oval, 
very  oblique.  H.  i^,  W.  5,  mill. 

Station,  tide  marsh  ditches.      Delaware  and 
Schuylkill  Rivers,  Philadelphia. 

G.  dilatatus,  GOULD. 

Planorbis  dilatatus,  Gould,  Invert.  Mass.,  1841. 

G. dilatatus.       Shell,  very  small,  yellowish-green;  whorls 
Fig,  146,       3»  outer  one  carinate  ;  slightly  convex  above ; 
closely  umbilicate,  beneath ;  aperture  large, 
oblique,  trumpet  shaped.     H.  I,  W.  3,  mill. 

Stations,  ponds.    Pickering  Creek,  Chester 
County ;  common. 


Sub-genus  PLANORBULA,  HALDEMAN,  1842. 

Shell,   with    the   aperture  furnished  with    dentiform 
plicae,  not  forming  open  partitions. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  73 

P.  armigera,  SAY. 

Planorbis  armigerus,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  F.  S., 
II.,  1821. 


Shell,   light  brown,  polished;   whorls  4,   F. 
sub-cylindrical,  and  sub-carinate  below  ;  um-       p.'  147 
bilicus  wide,  and  deep;  aperture  rounded, 
with  six  white  teeth,  far  within  the  throat ; 
the  largest  thin,  oblique,  running  back  from    Aperture  of 
the  left  to  the  right  side ;  on  the  left  of  this  fm' 
is  a  small  one,  and  around  the  vault  four 
others;  the  teeth  sometimes  wanting.     H. 
2/4,  W.  6)4,  mill. 

Station,  Schuylkill   River,  and  tributaries.     Chester 
County. 


Genus  ANCYLUS,  GEOFFROY,  1767. 
Shell,  thin,  patelliform,  non-spiral  ;  apex  di-  Animal  of 

Ancylus. 

rected  to  the  right  ;  aperture  wide  ;  pentreme    [w.  G.  B.J 
continuous,  simple,  entire.  FigJ49. 

Animal,  tentacles  triangular;  mantle  in- 
cluded ;  pulmonary  orifice  protected  by  a 
branchial  appendage  ;  foot  large. 

A.    rivularis,    SAY,   Jour.    Acad.    Phila.    F.    S.,    II., 
1817. 


Shell,  delicate,  depressed-conic  ;  apex  ob- 

j     i  j  [W.  G.  B.j 

tuse   nearer  to,   and   leaning  towards,  one       Pi    15a 
side,  and  one  end  ;  aperture  oval,  narrower      /z^ 
at  one  end,  entire;  within  milk  white.     H.      |HI^~~^ 
1/4,  W.  3,  mill. 

Station,  on  dead  shells,  and  stones,  in  streams.    Ches- 
ter County  ;  frequent. 
7 


74  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

A.  t^rdus,  SAY,  New  Harm.  Diss.,  V.,  1830. 
A..tardus.         Shell,  conic,  white,  opaque;    apex  almost 

r\v  c*   1^1 

Fig,  151,      terminal,  inclining  backwards  ;  anterior  slope 
rounded ;    posterior  straight,  almost  perpen- 
dicular; sides  equal,  steep,  curved;   aperture 
broad,  oval,  not  narrowed  at  one  end.     H.  3, 
L.  5,  W.  3J4,  mill. 

Station,  in  stagnant  pools.  New  Garden,  Chester 
County;  rare. 

OPERCULATA. 

With  an  opercle. 

Order  PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 

Animal,  with  the  gills  arranged  in  numerous,  parallel, 
lamina. 

Sub-order  ROSTRIFERA. 

Animal,  fluviatile  or  marine ;  head  produced;  rostrum 
contractile ;  tentacles  subulate  ;  operculate. 

Family  VIVIPARID^. 

Shell,  conoid ;  whorls  convex ;  aperture  ovate  or  sub- 
rotund  ;  epidermis  green,  or  olivaceous. 

Animal,  viviparous ;  rostrum  small,  simple,  truncated, 
extending  slightly  beyond  the  shell ;  tentacles  short, 
subulate,  the  right  one,  on  the  male,  as  large  as  the 
rostrum ;  eyes  on  peduncles  at  the  exterior  base  of  the 
tentacles ;  foot  large ;  operculum  corneous,  concentric, 
sometimes  with  a  spiral  nucleus. 


CONCHOLOGIA     CESTRICA. 


75 


DIAGRAM  OF  THE  GENERA,  AND  SPECIES,  OF  THE  FAMILIES  VIVI- 
PAR1D/E,  VALVATID^E,  AMNICOLID^E,  AND  STREPOMATID^. 


FAMILY. 
VIVIPARID^E. 
VALVATID^E. 


AMNICOLID.E. 


STREPOMATID^E. 


GENKRA. 

SPECIES. 

f  MELANTHO. 

decisa. 

!_    LlOPLAX. 

sub-carinata. 

VALVATA. 

tricarinata. 

(  limosa, 

AM  NICOLA. 

-<  decisa, 

(  grana. 

BYTHINELLA. 

Nickliniana. 

POMATIOPSIS. 

f  lapidaria, 
(  lustrica. 

SOMATOGYRUS. 

altilis. 

f   GONIOBASIS. 

f  Virginica, 
(  var.  multilineata. 

ANCULOSA. 


dissimilis. 


Sub-genus  MELANTHO,  BOWDITCH,  1822. 

Animal  of  Melantho.  —  [W.  G.  B.] 
Fig,  152, 


Shell,  thick,  solid,  ovate  imperforate ;  whorls  rounded, 
smooth ;  peristome  simple,  continuous. 

Animal,  with  the  foot  broad,  and  thin,  produced 
beyond  the  rostrum,  which  is  short  and  truncated ; 
operculum  concentric. 

M.  decisa,  SAY. 

Paludina  decisa,  Say,  Nich.  Encyc.,  1st  Amer.  Edit, 
1817. 

Shell,  elongate  ovate ;  whorls  4,  wrinkled  across,  and 
with  minute  revolving  striae ;  aperture  ovate,  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  last  whorl ;  epidermis  green ; 


/6  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

within   bluish-white ;    operculum   with   the    centre    de- 
pressed.    H.  28,  W.  15,  aperture  H.  15,  W.  9,  mill. 

M.  decisa.  —  [W.  G.  B.] 
Fig.  153, 


Station,  creeks  and  ponds.  Chester  County;  abun- 
dant. 

Lingual  Dentition  of  M.  decisa.  Operculum,  of  M.  decisa. 

Fig,  154,  Fig,  155, 


Genus  LIOPLAX,  TROSCHEL,  1857. 

Animal  of  L.  subcarinata,  male  and  female.  —  [W.  G.  B.] 
Fig,  156, 


Female.  Male. 

Shell,  thin,  ovate,  turreted ;  whorls  rounded,  carinate. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


77 


Animal,  foot  large,  greatly  produced  beyond  the 
rostrum,  narrow,  and  rounded  behind,  truncated  in 
front;  rostrum  short;  tentacles  broader,  and  shorter, 
than  in  Melantho ;  the  right  one,  in  the  male,  only 
one-third  the  length  of  the  left ;  operculum  with  a  sub- 
spiral  nucleus. 

L.  subcarinata,  SAY. 

Paludina  subcarinata,  Say,  Nich.  Encyc.,  3d  Amer. 
Edit,  1819. 

Shell,  whorls  3  or  4,  reticulated,  with  x- 
striae,  and  wrinkles ;  apex  truncate,  and 
re-entering;  suture  deeply  impressed; 
aperture  oval,  more  than  half  the  length 
of  the  shell ;  carina,  two,  or  three,  or 
absent ;  color  brownish  -  green  ;  within 
bluish-white.  H.  15,  W.  9,  mill. 

Station,  Schuylkill  River,  Chester  County ;  abundant. 


Fig,  157, 


Lingual  Dentition  of  L,.  sub' 
earinata.  —  [W.  G.  B.J 


Fig,  158, 


Operculum  of  I/,  sub- 
carinata.—[W .  G.  B.] 

Fig,  159, 


OBS.  —  Our  shell  differs,  somewhat,  from  the   same 
species  found  in  Western  waters. 


Family  VALVATID^E. 

Animal  of  V.  tricarinata,  —  [W.  G.  B.] 
Fig,  160, 


Shell,  spiral,  turbinate,  or  discoid ;  peristome  entire. 


78  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

Animal,  rostrum  produced;  tentacles  cylindrical; 
eyes  sessile,  at  their  extreme  bases ;  mantle  simple  in 
front ;  gill  exposed,  plumose,  lamina  pinnate,  twisted, 
protected  by  a  respiratory  lobe ;  foot  bilobed  in  front ; 
operculum  corneous,  spiral. 

Genus  VALVATA,  O.  F.  MULLER,  1774. 

Shell,  sub  -  discoid,  or  conoid,  umbilicated,  thin ; 
whorls  cylindrical,  or  keeled;  peristome  circular,  con- 
tinuous. 

V.  tricarinata,  SAY. 

Cyclostoma  tricarinata,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.,  I., 
1817. 

v  tricarinata.       Shell,  with  three  whorls,  and  three  prom- 

[w.  G.  B.]       inent    carina,   or    revolving   lines,   one    of 

which  is  on  the   upper   edge,  one   on  the 

^5j^\        lower  edge  of  the  whorl,  and  one  beneath 

the   base;    suture  canaliculate;    umbilicus 

large.     W.  5,  mill. 

Station,  Schuylkill  River,  and  tributaries.  Chester 
County;  abundant. 

Operculum  of  V,  Lingual  Dentition  of  V.  tricarinata. 

tricarinata.  [W   G   B  1 


OBS.  —  The  ova  are  deposited  from  May  to  midsum- 
mer, in  globose,  gelatinous  masses,  of  10  to  30,  and  of 
a  green  color ;  these  are  hatched  in  fourteen  or  fifteen 
days ;  like  Limnea,  and  Physa,  they  possess  the  power 
of  swimming  in  an  inverted  position,  along  the  surface 
of  water. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  79 

Family  AMNICOLID^E. 

Shell,  turbinate,  or  elongate-turreted,  smooth,  perfo- 
rate, or  umbilicate ;  peristome  continuous ;  shell  often 
covered  with  blackish  incrustations. 

Animal,  head  proboscidiform,  extending  beyond  the 
foot ;  tentacles  cylindrical,  elongated ;  eyes  sessile  at 
their  outer  bases ;  foot  oval,  truncated  in  front,  and 
rounded,  or  pointed,  behind;  verge  exserted,  behind 
the  right  tentacle ;  operculum  corneous,  sub-spiral. 


Genus  AMNICOLA,  GOULD,  and  HALDEMAN,  1840. 

Animal  of  A.  limosa,  enlarged.  —  [Stimpson.] 
Fig,  164, 


Shell,  small,  sub-ovate,  thin,  smooth,  perforate;  spire 
short;  aperture  broad- ovate;  peristome  continuous. 

Animal,  foot  short,  broad,  expanded,  and  rounded, 
behind,  auricled  in  front ;  rostrum  short ;  tentacles 
cylindrical,  blunt;  verge  bifid,  with  a  globular  base; 
opercle  thin,  sub-spiral. 

A.  limosa,  SAY. 

Paludina  limosa,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.,  L,  A^1™0™' 
1817.  Tig,  165,' 

Shell,  conic,  sub  -  umbilicate,  dark  horn 
color;  epidermis  wrinkled;  aperture  ovate- 
orbicular  ;  suture  impressed.  H.  3,  W.  2,  mill. 


80  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

Station,   Schuylkill    River,   and    Brandywine    Creek, 
Chester  County ;  common. 

Jjingual  Dentition  of  A.  limosa.  —  [Stimp.]  Opercuhtm  of  A. 

?i»  166,  limosa.  —  [Stunp.] 

Fig.  167. 


A.  decisa,  HALDEMAN,  Mon.  Lim.,  1842. 
A.  decisa.        Shell,     short,     conical,    smooth,     shining ; 
^Fi  G168 ]    whorls  5  ;  base  slightly  perforated ;   aperture 
dilated,  semicircular ;  color  pale  green  ;  slightly 
translucent.     H.  4,  W.  2^,  mill. 

Station,  Brandywine  Creek,  Chester  County  ; 
not  common. 

A.  grana,  SAY. 

Paludina  grana,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.,  II.,  1822. 
A.  grana.       Shell,   very    small,  .  conic-ovate  ;    whorls    5, 

[\V.  G.  B.I 

Fig.  169.     convex,   smooth ;    aperture   orbicular,   sub-an- 
gular; umbilicate.     L.  2,  W.  il/2,  mill. 

Station,  in  ponds,  on  fallen  leaves.     Picker- 
ing Creek,  Chester  County ;  abundant. 

Genus  BYTHINELLA,  MOQUIN  TANDON,  1851. 

Shell,  elongated-ovate,  turreted ;  umbilicus  generally 
closed ;  apex  obtuse ;  aperture  oval,  or  rounded,  slightly 
thickened. 

Animal,  with  the  foot  rather  long,  narrow,  and  round- 
ed behind;  tentacles  setaceous  and  pointed;  verge  bifid; 
the  longer  branch  not  coiled  about  the  shorter  one ; 
operculum  sub-spiral ;  concealing  the  posterior  part  of 
the  foot. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


81 


B.  Nickliniana,  LEA. 

Paludina  Nickliniana,  Lea,  Tr.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  VI., 
1839. 

Shell,  green,  with  four  convex,  smooth,   ^-^liniana. 

[  W.  (j.  B.] 

whorls,   turrited ;     apex   obtuse ;    aperture  Fig,  170, 

ovate.     H.  3^,  W.  i^,  mill.  & 

Station,  tributaries  of  the  Susquehanna  \~S\ 
River,  Chester  County ;  common. 

Lingual  Dentition  of  B.  Nickliniana.  —  [Stimp.] 
Fig,  171, 


OBS.  —  B.  attenuata,  Haldeman,  is  the  more  perfect 
specimen  of  this  species,  occurring  in  spring  heads,  and 
still  water. 


Genus  POMATIOPSIS,  TRYON,  1862. 

Animal  of  I*,  lapidaria.  —  [Stimp.] 
Fig,  172, 


Shell,  small,  thin,  smooth,  elongated,  turreted,  sub- 
umbilicate  ;  aperture  ovate  ;  peristome  reflected. 

Animal,  tentacles  short,  subulate,  pointed ;  rostrum 
large,  longer  than  the  tentacles,  and  transversely  wrin- 
kled ;  foot  broad,  with  lateral  sinuses  ;  verge  very  large, 
flattened,  broad,  spiral ;  gills  pectinate ;  opercle  thin, 
sub-spiral,  amphibious  ;  progression  stepping. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

P.  lapidaria,  SAY. 

Cyclostoma  lapidaria,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.,  I.,  1817. 

'  She11'  sub-umbilicate ;  whorls  6,  obsolete- 
ly,  and  transversely,  wrinkled ;  aperture 
longitudinally  ovate-orbicular,  more  than 
one-third  the  length  of  the  shell.  H.  6, 
W.  2^,  mill. 

Idngual  Dentition  of  P.  lapidaria,  —  [Stimp.] 
Pig,  174, 


Station,  under  stones,  near  water.  New  Garden, 
Chester  County ;  not  common. 

P.  lustrica,  SAY. 

Paludina  lustrica,  Say,  Jour.  Phila.  Acad.,  II.,  1821. 

p. lustrica.       Shell,    conic;    whorls    convex;    aperture 
[w.  G.  B.]     oval-orbicular ;  upper  margin  of  the  lip  not 
1K'*  appressed  to  the  last  whorl ;  umbilicus  rather 

J3          large,  rounded.     H.  5,  W.  fy,  mill. 

Station,    shores    of  the    Delaware    River. 
(Tryon.) 
OBS.  —  Possibly,  the  young  of  the  preceding  species. 

Genus  SOMATOGYRUS,  GILL,  1863. 

Shell,  short,  sub-conic,  striate,  thin,  or  moderately 
thickened ;  spire  small ;  aperture  large,  broad-ovate, 
oblique ;  operculum  thin,  sub-spiral. 

Animal,  with  the  foot  oblong,  broadly  rounded  be- 
hind, and  auricled  in  front ;  rostrum  broad ;  tentacles 
long,  slender,  and  pointed ;  eyes  at  the  outer  sides  of 


CONCHOLOGIA     CESTRICA.  83 

tubercles,  at  the   outer  bases  of  the  tentacles;   verge 
small,  simple,  lunate. 

S.  altilis,  LEA. 

Melania  altilis,  Lea,  Proc.  Amer.  Phila.  Soct,    s.  niuus. 

TT  [W.  G.B.] 

"•• 


Fig,  176. 

Shell,  smooth,  sub-globose,  thick,  pale  horn 
color;  spire  short;  whorls  4,  obtusely  angular 
above;  aperture  large,  nearly  round,  white. 
H.  8,  W.  6,  mill. 

Lingual  Dentition  of  S.  altilis,  witJi  the  rachidian  tooth  greatly 
enlarged.  —  [Stimp.] 

Fig,  177, 


Station,  Delaware  and  Susquehanna  Rivers;  abundant. 


Family  STREPOMATID^E. 

Shell,  elongate-conical,  or  turbinate ;  peristome  not 
entire. 

Animal,  rostrum  long;  foot  oval;  tentacles  subulate; 
eyes  at  their  external  bases ;  margin  of  the  mantle  not 
digitate ;  opercle  corneous,  semi-concentric,  or  pauci- 
spiral ;  oviparous.  ' 


Genus  GONIOBASIS,  LEA,  1862. 

Shell,  thick,  elongate-conical ;  aperture  sub-rhomboid, 
higher  than  wide ;  columella  not  twisted ;  base  sub- 
angular,  without  a  channel. 


84  CONCHOLOGIA     CESTRICA. 

G.  Virginica,  GMELIN. 

Buccinum  Virginicum,  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat., 
I.,  1788. 

Shell,  rather  thin,  smooth,  elongated ; 
whorls  6,  or  7,  slightly  convex,  upper  ones 
carinate ;  aperture  oblong-elliptical ;  color 
brown,  or  olivaceous,  usually  with  two  re- 
volving, reddish  bands ;  within  bluish- 
white.  H.  25-32,  W.  10,  mill. 
Station,  Schuylkill  River,  Chester  County;  abundant. 

G.  Virginica,  var.  multilineata,  SAY,  Jour.  Acad. 
Phila.,  II.,  1822. 

Shell,  resembling  the  preceding,  but  with  numerous, 
filiform,  elevated,  sub-equal,  lines ;  from  ten  to  twenty 
on  the  body  whorl. 

Station,  found  with  the  preceding. 

Genus  ANCULOSA,  SAY,  1821. 

Shell,   solid,   ovate,   or  globose;  spire   very    short; 

columella  callous  above ;  peristome  almost  as  large  as 

the   whole    shell,    not    continuous;  opercle    corneous, 
semi-concentric,  or  pauci-spiral. 

A.  dissimilis,  SAY. 

Paludina  dissimilis,  Say,  Nich.  Encyc.,  3d  Edit, 
1819. 

A.  (Ussimiiis.  Shell,  thin,  ovate,  conical ;  whorls  3-4 ; 
body  whorl  large,  more  or  less  carinate  in 
the  middle,  carina  sometimes  double,  or 
wanting ;  aperture  ovate ;  columella  flat- 
tened at  base,  and  occasionally  toothed ; 

color  olive-green,  or  yellow.     H.  12,  W.  8,  mill. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  85 

Station,  Susquehanna  River  and  tributaries;  abun- 
dant. 

Lingual  dentition  of  A.  dissimilis.  —  [Troschel.] 
Fig,  180, 


Class  ACEPHALA. 

In  this  class  the  shell  is  bivalve,  the  valves  being 
united  at  the  back,  by  a  hinge,  as  in  the  common  creek 
mussel. 

Animal,  acephalous ;  the  mouth  is  a  simple  aperture, 
without  teeth,  or  jaws,  and  often  takes  the  form  of  a 
tube,  reaching  even  beyond  the  shell,  and  accompanied 
by  another  —  the  vent ;  which  are  simple,  or  fringed. 

Respiration  is  performed  by  two,  or  four,  broad  leaves, 
or  gills,  which  hang  down  on  the  sides  of  the  body, 
within  the  mantle,  and  are  embraced  by  the  shell,  like 
the  leaves  of  a  book  by  the  cover.  The  animal  is  either 
free,  as  the  mussel,  or  attached,  as  the  oyster. 

Their  food  is  only  such  animal,  and  vegetable,  matters, 
as  the  water  may  chance  to  carry  into  their  suctorial 
mouths. 

They  are  bisexual,  as  the  mussel ;  or  hermaphrodite, 
and  capable  of  self-impregnation,  as  the  oyster. 


Order  BRANCHIFERA. 

Characters  the  same  as  those  of  the  class. 

8 


86  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

Family  UNIONID^E. 

Shell,  transverse,  inequilateral,  covered  with  an  epi- 
dermis ;  hinge  with  a  simple,  or  divided,  cardinal  tooth 
in  front,  and  a  lamellar  one  running  back  beneath  the 
ligament;  sometimes  the  lamellar  tooth  is  wanting;  and 
sometimes  both  are  absent. 

Animal,  mantle  open  beneath,  its  edges  thickened, 
often  fringed ;  tubes  two,  the  vent  tube  above ;  foot 
thick,  compressed,  muscular,  coriaceous. 

DIAGRAM  OF  THE  GENERA,  AND  SPECIES,  OF  THE  FAMILY 
UNIONID.E. 


GENUS. 


UNIO. 


SPECIES. 
complanatus, 
radiatus, 
cariosus, 
ochraceus, 
Fisherianus, 
nasutus, 
heterodon. 

I"  margaritifera, 
MARGARITANA.  •<   undulata, 

(  marginata. 

f  fluviatilis, 


FAMILY. 


UNIONID^E. 


(^  Tryonii. 

Genus  UNIO,  RETZIUS,  1788. 

Shell,  transverse,  with  three  deeply-impressed  cica- 
trices ;  thick,  or  thin  and  fragile ;  teeth  varying,  or 
absent. 

Animal,  the  mouth  lips  wider  than  long,  united  for 
two-thirds  on  the  upper  margin;  mantle  open;  branchiae 
four,  the  outer  free  posteriorly,  and  lies  in  a  fold  of  the 
mantle ;  the  inner  are  united  to  the  foot  anteriorly,  the 
remainder  free ;  foot  tongue  -  shaped,  and  produced 
anteriorly. 

Unio  complanatus,  SOLANDER. 

Myacomplanata,  Solander,  MSS.  Portland  Cat.  in  Brit- 
ish Museum.  Unio  purpureus,  Say,  Barnes,  and  others. 


CONCHOLOGIA     CESTRICA.  8/ 

Shell,  heavy,  ovate,  or  rhomboid,  inequilateral,  round 
before,  sub-angulaf  behind ;  base  curved,  hinge  margin 

Unio  complanatus. 
Fig,  181, 


elevated,  sloped  posteriorly ;  beaks  not  prominent ; 
epidermis  dark  olive-green ;  rayed  when  young ;  nacre 
varying  from  white  to  dark  purple,  often  iridescent; 
cardinal  teeth  thick.  H.  2.5,  W.  4-4 >£,  T.  i-i  j£,  inches. 
Very  variable. 

Station,  ponds  and  running  streams.    Chester  County; 
everywhere  common. 

U.  radiatus,  LAMARCK,  An.  Sans.  Ver.,  VI.,  1819. 

U.  radiatus. 

Fig,  182. 


Shell,  transversely  ovate,  compressed;  anterior  end 


05  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

narrow,  rounded;  posterior,  broad  and  rounded;  dorsal 
margin  elevated  behind  the  hinge ;  inferior  curved ; 
beaks  moderate ;  epidermis  mostly  greenish  -  yellow, 
with  numerous  broad,  dark-green  rays;,  interior  yellow- 
ish, and  iridescent ;  cardinal  teeth  bifid,  crenulated,  and 
oblique.  H.  2-2^,  W.  3-4,  T.  i-itf,  inches. 
Station,  Schuylkill  River,  Chester  County. 

U.    cariosus,    SAY,    Nich.    Encyc.,    1st   Amer.    Ed.,( 
1816. 

TT.  cariosus. 
Pig,  183. 


Shell,  valves  rather  thin,  sub-oval,  inflated;  hinge 
margin  elevated,  base  curved;  anterior  end  short, 
rounded,  posterior  narrowly  rounded;  the  posterior 
dorsal  slope  sometimes  with  four,  or  five,  fine  inter- 
rupted wrinkles,  and  green  rays ;  beaks  at  one-fourth 
from  the  anterior  end ;  yellow  or  greenish ;  inside 
bluish-white ;  cardinal  teeth  long,  compressed,  oblique, 
crenate.  H.  2.5,  W.  3.5,  L.  1.75,  inches. 

Station,  Schuylkill,  Delaware,  and  Susquehanna  Riv- 
ers ;  common. 


CONCHOLOGIA     CESTRICA. 


89 


U.  ochraceus,  SAY,  Nich.  Encyc.,  1st  Amer.  Ed,  1816. 


Z7.  ochraceus. 
Fig,  184, 


Shell,  thin,  thicker  anteriorly,  translucent,  pale  yel- 
lowish, or  reddish ;  radiate  with  dull  green,  and  with 
minute  wrinkled  radii,  most  observable  on  the  posterior 
slope ;  sub-ovate,  hinge  margin  rectilinear,  anterior  and 
lower,  rounded,  posterior  oblique -truncate,  angular; 
beaks  undulated ;  within  bluish ;  cardinal  teeth  double, 
much  compressed,  almost  horizontal.  H.  2,  W.  3.5,  T. 
1.5,  inches. 

Station,  with  the  preceding. 

U.  Tappanianus,  LEA,  Tr.  Amer.  Ph.  Soct,  VI.,  1817. 

V.  Tappanianus. 
Pig,  185. 


Shell,  thin,  sub-oval,  rather  inflated,  elevated  back  of 


8* 


90  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

the  ligament;  beaks  small,  undulated;  yellowish-brown, 
with  dark-green  rays;   nacre  inclined  to  pale   salmon 
color;    cardinal   teeth   double,   sometimes    trifid,   long, 
compressed,  oblique.     H.  1.25,  W.  2.25,  T.  .8,  inches. 
Station,  Schuylkill  River,  Chester  County ;  common. 

U.  nasutus,  SAY,  Nich.  Encyc.,  1st  Amer.  Ed.,  1816. 

If.  nasutus. 

Fig,  186, 


Shell,  thin,  oblong,  rounded  before,  rostrate  posteri- 
orly; fuscous,  radiate  with  green,  behind  the  middle; 
beaks  small,  undulate ;  within  bluish-white ;  cardinal 
teeth  small,  oblique,  crenate.  H.  1.25,  W.  2.6,  T.  .75, 
inches. 

Station,  Schuylkill  River,  Chester  County. 

U.  Fisherianus,  LEA,  Tr.  Amer.  Phil.  Soct,  VI.,  1834. 

U.  Fisherianus, 

Fig.  187. 


Shell,  thin,  compressed;  beaks  very  near  the  anterior, 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTR1CA.  9! 

rounded,  extremity;  hinge  margin  elevated;  base  slightly 
curved;  posteriorly  sloped  above,  and  below,  to  an  acute 
angle ;  dark  brown,  or  greenish  ;  nacre  hyaline-purple  ; 
cardinal  teeth  small,  compressed,  oblique.  H.  .85,  W. 
2.25,  L.  4,  inches. 

Station,  White  Clay  Creek,  Chester  County. 

U.  heterodon,  LEA,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soct,  III.,  1829. 

U.  heterodon. 

Pig,  188, 


Shell,  small,  thin,  greenish-brown,  obscurely  rayed ; 
rhomboid-ovate,  ventricose;  rounded  before;  base  nearly 
straight;  dorsal  margin  elevated,  behind  the  hinge; 
posterior  margin  oblique;  beaks  undulated,  prominent; 
nacre  bluish-white;  cardinal  teeth  compressed,  oblique; 
lateral  tooth  double  in  the  right  valve.  H.  .5,  W.  .8,  T. 
.4,  inch. 

Station,  Schuylkill  River,  Chester  County;  abundant. 


Sub-genus  MARGARITANA,  SCHUMACHER,  1817. 

Shell,  thick,  strong ;  cardinal  teeth  stout,  triangular ; 
lateral  tooth  absent. 

Animal,  gills  free  from  the  abdominal  sac,  and  not 
united  to  the  mantle,  posteriorly;  inferior  siphon 

fringed,  superior  plane. 

• 

M.  margaritifera,  LINN. 

Mya  margaritifera,  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  1758. 

Alasmodonta,  Barnes,  1823. 


9.2 


.CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


Shell,  elongate,  arcuate,  cylindric-ovate ;  anterior  end 
rounded;  posterior  produced;  ligament  margin  regularly 

Jtfargaritana  margaritifera. 

Fig,  189, 


curved,  and  carinate  behind  the  hinge ;  base  arcuated ; 
beaks  slightly  elevated ;  epidermis  brownish  -  black  ; 
nacre  whitish,  posteriorly  iridescent ;  teeth  stout, 
grooved.  H.  2.25,  W.  5,  T.  1.5,  inches. 

Station,  creeks  and  ponds.    White  Clay  Creek,  Ches- 
ter County ;  not  common. 

M.  undulata,  SAY. 

Unio  undulata,  Say,  Nich.  Encyc.,  1st  Amer.  Ed.,  1816. 

M,  undulata. 

Fig,  190, 


Shell,  convex,  elongate-oval,  olivaceous,  with  obtuse, 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  93 

concentric,  wrinkles,  and  radiated  with  green;  beaks 
prominent,  undulated,  usually  decorticated;  the  anterior 
portion  of  the  valves  thickened  internally,  and  whitish ; 
posteriorly,  thin,  and  salmon  color,  with  iridescence; 
teeth  stout,  triangular,  crenated,  double  in  the  left  valve, 
and  prolonged  to  the  hinge  margin.  H.  1.6,  W.  3,  T. 
1.25,  inches. 

Station,  creeks  and  ponds.    Chester  County;  common. 

M.  marginata,  SAY. 

Alasmodonta  marginata,  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
I.,  1818. 

Jtf.  marginata. 

Pig,  191, 


Shell,  thin,  transversely  oblong,  or  sub-triangular, 
inflated,  with  the  ligament  slope  abruptly  depressed, 
and  obliquely  rugose ;  epidermis  olive-brown,  with 
green  rays;  within  bluish-white;  teeth  compressed, 
oblique,  nearly  parallel  with  the  anterior  margin,  and 
abrupt  behind.  H.  1.65,  W.  2.8,  T.  1.3,  inches. 

Station,  creeks  and  ponds.    Chester  County;  frequent. 

Sub-genus  ANODON  (BRUGIERE),  CUVIER,  1798. 

Shell,  equivalve,  inequilateral,  transverse ;  hinge 
margin  linear,  without  teeth. 

Animal,  mantle  margin  entirely  free;  the  outer 
branchia  united  to  the  mantle,  as  far  as  its  extremity ; 
the  inner  entirely  united  to  the  foot;  foot  thick,  tongue- 
shaped,  produced  anteriorly. 


94  CONCHOLOGIA     CESTRICA. 

A.  fluviatilis,  DILLWIN. 

Mytilus  fluviatilis,  Dillwin,  Descr.  Cat.  Shells,  1817. 

Anodon  fluviatilis. 

Fig,  192, 


Shell,  thin,  fragile,  oblong-ovate,  ventricose;  epider- 
mis olive-brown,  rayed  with  green ;  hinge  margin  ele- 
vated ;  beaks  at  the  anterior  third  of  the  length ;  nacre 
bluish-white.  H.  2.75,  W.  5,  T.  2,  inches. 

Station,  in  all  the  larger  streams,  especially  in  mill- 
dams.  Chester  County;  abundant. 

A.  implicata,  SAY,  New  Harm.  Dis.,  II.,  1829. 

A.,  implicata, 

Fig,  193, 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 


95 


Shell,  large,  thick,  oblique,  sub-rhomboid,  ventricose  ; 
beaks  prominent,  undulated ;  epidermis  dark-brown,  or 
yellowish,  without  rays;  surface  undulated,  smooth;  the 
anterior  half  of  the  valves,  near  their  edge,  thickened 
internally.  H.  3,  W.  5.5,  T.  2.3,  inches. 

Station,  Schuylkill  River,  Chester  County. 

A.  edentula,  SAY. 

Alasmodonta  edentula,  Say,  New  Harm.  Dis.,  II.,  1829. 

A.  edentula, 

Fig,  194, 


Shell,  transverse-oval,  compressed,  olivaceous,  rayed 
with  green ;  beaks  small,  undulated ;  within  bluish- 
white  ;  teeth  obsolete,  but  the  peculiar  curvature,  be- 
neath the  beaks,  shows  their  locality.  H.  1.5,  W.  2.75, 
T.  .8,  inches. 

Station,  running  streams.  Brandywine  Creek,  Ches- 
ter County;  common. 

A.  Tryonii,  LEA,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  N.  S.,  VI.,  1862. 

A.  Tryonii, 

Fig,  195, 


96  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

Shell,  thin,  smooth,  elliptic-ovate,  compressed,  rounded 
anteriorly,  produced  and  sub-angulated  posteriorly;  dor- 
sal margin  behind  the  ligament  elevated,  and  compressed ; 
epidermis  more  or  less  brown,  or  green,  rays  obsolete ; 
nacre  bluish-white,  and  iridescent.  H.  1.25,  W.  2.25,  T. 
.75,  inches^ 

Station,  Schuylkill  River,  Chester  County. 


Family  CORBICULID^E. 

Shell,  bivalve,  oval,  or  sub-triangular ;  primary  teeth 
two,  or  three,  in  each  valve;  laterals  two;  ligament 
external. 

Animal,  mantle  lobes  free  in  front,  and  at  the  base ; 
siphons  two  ;  foot  triangular,  cylindrical,  or  linguiform  ; 
tentacles  small,  triangular,  pointed ;  gills  broad,  unequal, 
united  posteriorly.  , 

DIAGRAM  OF  THE  GENERA,  AND   SPECIES,  OF  THE  FAMILY 
CORBICULID^:. 

FAMILY.  GENUS.  SPECIES. 

sulcatum, 


SPH.SRIUM. 
CORBICULID^E. 


striatmum, 

stamineum, 

fabalis, 

transversum, 

rosaceum, 

partumeium, 

securis. 

virginium. 

compressum. 


Genus  SPH^RIUM,  SCOPOLI,  1777. 

Shell,  oval,  nearly  equilateral,  beaks  prominent ;  two 
primary  teeth  in  each  valve;  laterals  elongated;  liga- 
ment on  the  longer  slope. 

Animal,  with  two  short  siphons,  joined  at  base,  oral 
tentacles  short ;  foot  narrow,  elongated. 

OBS.  —  The  small    animals    included  in  this  family 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  97 

inhabit  still  waters,  and  running  streams  —  some  pre- 
ferring the  one,  some  the  other.  The  species  are  widely 
distributed,  and  their  appearance  so  much  influenced  by 
locality,  as  to  produce  many  varieties,  which  have  too 
often  been  mistaken  for  new  species,  and  named  as  such, 
causing  much  confusion,  and  a  needless  synonymy.  The 
same  remark  will  apply  to  many  other  families  of  fresh 
water  shells,  especially  the  Strepomatidae. 

The  habits  of  the  animals  of  Pisidium  and  Sphaerium 
are  somewhat  similar,  and  they  are  often  found  together. 
They  are  dioicous  and  viviparous.  The  breeding  season 
reaches  from  April  to  midsummer,  during  which  period 
they  may  be  found  crawling  on  the  surface  of  the  mud. 
At  a  later  period  they  bury  themselves  in  the  mud,  with 
the  aid  of  the  long,  extensible  foot,  where  they  remain 
during  the  ensuing  winter. 

S.  transversum,  SAY. 

Cyclas  transversum,  Say,  New  Harm.  Dissem.,  II.,  1829. 

SpJweriutn  transversum.  —  [Prime.] 
Fig,  196, 


Shell,  transversely  oblong,  inequilateral,  translucent, 
anterior  margin  rounded  ;  posterior  subtruncate ;  beaks 
large,  calyculate,  much  elevated ;  striae  delicate ;  green- 
ish-yellow ;  hinge  margin  nearly  straight ;  cardinal  teeth 
compressed;  laterals  slightly  elongated.  H.  n,  W. 
15-16,  mill. 

Station,  Schuylkill  River,  Chester  County;  abundant. 
9  G 


98  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

S.  simile,  SAY. 

Cyclas  similis,  Say,  Nich.  Encyc.,  Ed.  I.,  1816. 

S.  similis.  —  [Prime.] 
Fig,  197. 


Shell,  transverse-oval,  more  pointed  posteriorly,  base 
slightly  curved;  beaks  full,  elevated;  sulcate,  dark 
chestnut;  inside  bluish;  cardinal  teeth  small,  indistinct; 
lateral  teeth  on  a  line  with  the  primaries,  large,  promi- 
nent. H.  n,  W.  17,  T.  8,  mill. 

Station,  running  streams.  Pickering  Creek,  Chester 
County;  common. 

S.  striatinum,  LAM. 

Cyclas  striatinum,  Lam.,  An.  S.  Vert,  V.,  1818. 

S,  striatinum.  —  [Prime.] 
Pig,  198, 


Shell,  thin,  inequilateral,  rounded  anteriorly,  posteri- 
orly elongated;  sulcations  slight,  or  irregular;  color 
light  or  darker  shades  of  green;  interior  blue;  hinge 
margin  curved ;  cardinal  teeth  very  small,  lateral  larger, 
not  prominent.  H.  8,  W.  11,  T.  6,  mill. 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  99 

Station,  Brandywine  Creek,  Schuylkill  River,  Chester 
County;  abundant. 

S.  stamineum,  CONRAD. 

Cyclas  stamineum,  Conrad,  Amer.  Jour.,  XXV.,  1834. 

S.  stamineum.  —  [Prime.] 
Fig,  199, 


Shell,  stout,  oval,  full,  anterior  side  abrupt,  posterior 
more  distended;  beaks  very  full,  and  prominent,  distant; 
dark  brownish-yellow;  interior  bluish;  strongly  striate; 
hinge  margin  curved;  cardinal  teeth  nearly  obsolete; 
laterals  strong.  H.  9,  W.  14,  T.  7,  mill. 

Station,  tributaries  of  the  Delaware  River. 

S.  fabalis,  PRIME. 

Cyclas  fabalis,  Prime,  Bost.  Proc.,  IV.,  1851. 

S.  fabalis.  —  [Prime.] 
Fig,  200. 


Shell,  transversely  oval,  almost  equilateral,  rounded, 
posterior  side  rather  abrupt ;  beaks  depressed,  regularly 
and  moderately  sulcated ;  epidermis,  greenish,  or  straw 
color ;  valves  thin,  blue  within ;  cardinal  teeth  small ; 
laterals  slight,  the  anterior  more  elevated,  both  nearly 
on  a  line  with  the  cardinals.  H.  n,  W.  14,  T.  6,  mill. 

Station,  Susquehanna  River  and  tributaries.  Lan- 
caster County ;  not  common. 


IOO  CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA. 

S.  rosaceum,  PRIME. 

Cyclas  rosaceum,  Prime,  Bost.  Proc.,  IV.,  1851. 

S.  rosaceum,  —  [Prime.] 
Fig,  201, 


Shell,  small,  round-oval,  fragile,  transparent,  sub- 
equilateral  ;  margins  generally  rounded ;  beaks  calycu- 
late,  approximate,  inclined  forward ;  valves  very  slight, 
a  little  convex,  fine  striate ;  epidermis  reddish-brown, 
shining;  teeth  very  slight,  laterals  elongated.  H.  4^, 
W.  6,  T.  3j£,  mill. 

Station,  Pickering  Creek,  and  Schuylkill  River,  Ches- 
ter County  ;  rare. 

S.  partumeium,  SAY. 

Cyclas  partumeium,  Say,  Acad.  Nat.  Science,  Jour. 
II.,  1822. 

S.  partumeium.  —  [Prime.]  ^ 

Fig,  202, 


Shell,  round-oval,  thin,  pellucid,  nearly  equilateral, 
anterior  margin  slightly  distended;  posterior  rather 
abrupt ;  beaks  central,  calyculate,  approximate ;  striae 
scarcely  visible;  glossy,  greenish  horn  color;  valves 
moderately  convex ;  hinge  margin  nearly  straight ; 
cardinal  teeth  strong  ;  laterals  very  much  elongated. 
H.  13,  W.  11,  T.  8,  mill. 

Station,  stagnant  ponds  on  White  Clay  and  Pickering 
Creeks,  Chester  County  ;  abundant. 


CONCHOLOGIA, 


S.  securis,  PRIME. 

Cyclas  securis,  Prime,  Bost  Proc.,  IV.,  1851 

S.  securis.  —  [Prime.] 
Fig.  203. 


Shell,  thin,  rhombic-orbicular,  ventricose,  subequi- 
lateral ;  margins  rounded,  basal  rather  abrupt ;  beaks 
large,  calyculate,  approximate,  inclined  forwards  ;  valves 
very  convex ;  striae  regular,  delicate ;  greenish  or  yellow, 
glossy ;  cardinal  teeth  very  small,  laterals  slight,  nar- 
row, elongated.  H.  7^,  W.  9,  T.  6,  mill. 

Station,  ditches  and  running  streams,  tributaries  of 
Pickering  Creek.  Chester  County  ;  abundant. 

Genus  PISIDIUM,  C.  PFEIFFER,  1821. 

Shell,  small,  round-oval,  inequilateral,  anterior  side 
longer  ;  beaks  terminal ;  cardinal  teeth  double,  or  united ; 
laterals  elongated,  double  in  the  right  valve,  single  in 
the  left ;  ligament  on  the  shorter  side. 

Animal,  lobes  of  the  mantle  united  posteriorly  into  a 
single  short  siphon  ;  oral  tentacles  triangular,  elongated ; 
foot  small,  tongue-shaped,  very  extensible. 

P.  compressum,  PRIME,  Bost.  Proc.,  IV.,  1851. 

JPisidiutn  compressum.  —  [Prime.] 
Fig,  204. 


CESTRICA, 


Shell,  solid,  trigonal,  very  oblique ;  anterior  side 
narrower,  produced;  posterior  broad,  subtruncate;  beaks 
small,  elevated,  distant,  with  a  wing-like  appendage  at 
summit ;  regular-striate  ;  yellow,  gray,  chestnut,  mixed  ; 
valves,  light  blue  inside ;  hinge  thick ;  cardinal  teeth 
small,  strong,  compressed  ;  lateral  teeth  short,  strong, 
oblique.  H.  3^,  W.  4,  T.  2,  mill. 

Station,  in  company  with  P.  variabile.  Pickering 
Creek,  Chester  County  ;  not  common. 

P.  virginicum,  GMELIN. 

Tellina  virginica,  Gmelin,  Syst  Nat.,  1788. 

JP.  virginicum.  —  [Prime.] 
Fig,  205, 


Shell,  thick,  solid,  oblique,  anterior  side  longer,  nar- 
rower, rounded ;  posterior  broader,  subtruncate ;  base 
rounded;  beaks  posterior,  large,  prominent;  interior 
light  blue ;  epidermis  greenish-brown ;  zoned ;  hinge 
margin  greatly  curved;  cardinal  teeth  strong;  laterals 
strong,  and  short.  H.  7,  W.  9,  T.  5,  mill. 

Station,  White  Clay  and  Pickering  Creeks,  Chester 
County;  abundant. 

P.  variabile,  PRIME,  Bost  Proc.,  IV.,  1851. 

P.  variabile.  —  [Prime.] 
Fig,  206, 


CONCHOLOGIA    CESTRICA.  10$ 

Shell,  heavy,  oblique,  inflated,  anterior  side  longest, 
narrower,  sub-angular;  beaks  posterior,  full,  prominent, 
distant ;  valves  solid ;  striae  regular,  distinct ;  epidermis 
glossy,  variable,  straw,  greenish,  or  yellowish,  zoned ; 
hinge  margin  elevated ;  cardinals  small,  united ;  laterals 
strong,  distinct,  short.  H.  4^,  W.  5,  T.  4,  mill. 

Station,  streams  and  rivulets.  Chester  County; 
abundant. 

P.  abditum,  HALDEMAN,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  I.,  1841. 

JP.  abditum.  —  [Prime.] 
Tig,  207. 


Shell,  round-oval,  moderately  convex,  margins  well 
rounded  ;  beaks  posterior,  small ;  smooth,  straw  color ; 
hinge  margin  nearly  straight;  cardinal  teeth  small, 
separate,  the  anterior  larger,  and  more  prominent; 
laterals  small,  not  elongated.  H.  3^,  W.  4,  T.  2,  mill; 

Station,  streams,  fountains,  and  rivulets.  Chester 
County;  frequent. 


GLOSSARY. 


NOTE  FOR  THE  READER.  —  The  descriptions,  and  measurements,  in  the 
hook,  and  the  definitions  in  this  Glossary,  presuppose  the  shells  to  be 
placed  in  the  following  positions  : 

In  Spiral  Univalves,  the  apex  above,  the  aperture  below,  and  toward 
the  observer. 

Bivalves,  on  the  thin  edge,  with  the  umbones  above,  and  the  liga- 
ment on  their  left  side. 


Acephala.  Animals  without  heads.  Ex.,  the  oyster,  mus- 
sel, etc. 

Adductor  (Muscle).  The  fleshy  fibres  which  close  and 
hold  bivalve  shells  together.  They  are  mostly  one  or 
two  (Oyster,  one;  Unio,  two). 

Anodonta.     Toothless.     Ex.,  the  Anodont  mussels. 

Aperture,  or  entrance,  or  mouth,  of  univalve  shells.  The 
mouth  of  the  shell  is  described  as  being  entire,  circular, 
lunate,  semilunate,  reniform,  angular,  sub-quadrate,  long, 
wide,  linear,  dentate,  emarginate,  etc.  The  plane  of  the 
aperture,  may  be  longitudinal,  transverse,  or  oblique. 

Apex,  The  tip  of  the  spire,  or  umbo.  It  may  be  acute, 
obtuse,  or  sub-spiral. 

Base,  of  a  univalve.  It  rests  on  the  table  in  the  position  re- 
ferred to,  and  opposed  to  the  apex. 

Bivalve.  Having  two  valves.  Ex.,  the  clam.  They  may 
be  compressed,  cordiform,  cylindrical,  inflated,  rostrate,  or 
truncate. 

Branchial,     Relating  to  the  gills. 

Buccal  plate.     The  jaw  of  snails  and  similar  mollusks. 

Cardinal  tooth.  The  large,  central  hinge  tooth  of  Unios  and 
many  other  shells. 

Carinate,     Keeled.     A  longitudinal  elevated  line. 

105 


IO6  GLOSSARY. 

Carnivorous.     Flesh-eating. 

Cartilage,  of  the  hinge.  An  elastic  body  inside  of  the  liga- 
ment of  bivalve  shells,  which  is  compressed,  when  the  shell 
is  closed  by  the  contraction  of  the  adductor  muscle,  and 
reopens  the  shell  when  the  muscle  is  relaxed. 

Cephalic.     Of,  or  relating  to  the  head. 

Cicatrix.  A  scar.  The  impressions  on  the  inside  of  bivalves, 
caused  by  the  insertion  of  the  adductor  muscles.  These 
are  single  in  the  oyster,  two  in  the  mussel. 

Columella.  The  central  axis  round  which  spiral  shells  are 
coiled. 

Conchology.     The  study  of  shells,  and  their  inhabitants. 

Cordiform.     Heart-shaped. 

Crenulated.     Notched,  with  rounded  teeth. 

Dentate.     Toothed. 

Depressed.     With  a  low,  flattened,  spire. 

Dextral.    Shells  whose  aperture  is  on  the  right  of  the  columella. 

Discoid.  Flat,  the  whorls  of  the  spire  being  on  the  same 
level.  Ex.,  Planorbis,  etc. 

Emarginate.     Notched ;  appearing  as  if  cut  off. 

Epidermis.  The  cuticle,  or  membrane,  which  envelops  some 
species  of  shells.  It  varies  greatly  in  texture  and  appearance. 

Equilateral.  Having  the  right  and  left  sides  of  the  valves 
equal. 

Equivalve.     With  the  two  valves  equal. 

Gasteropod.  Belly-footed.  A  mollusk  with  a  ventral  disk,  or 
foot  for  walking.  Ex. ,  the  slugs. 

Genus.  Kindred.  Applied  to  several  things  with  a  common 
character.  Ex.,  the  snails. 

Globose.     Spherical. 

Helix.     A  coil,  or  spiral.     Hence  the  genus  Helix. 

Hermaphrodite.  Applied  to  those  mollusks  which  recipro- 
cally perform  the  functions  of  both  sexes. 

Hiatus.  A  gape,  or  opening  found  in  some  bivalves  when 
the  shell  is  closed. 

Hinge.  The  thickened,  and  mostly  toothed,  margins  of  the 
valves  of  a  bivalve  shell,  where  they  are  joined  together. 
The  hinge-teeth  are  variously  named  —  those  under  the 


GLOSSARY.  ID/ 

umbones  are  cardinal,  or  primary  ;  those  on  either  side, 

lateral,  or  secondary  teeth. 
Incurved.     Bent,  or  turned  inward. 
Inequilateral.     Having  the  sides  unequal. 
Inequivalve,     Having  unequal  valves. 
Involute.     Rolled  inward. 
Jaw.     See  Buccal  plate. 
Labia.    Lips.    The  border  of  the  aperture  of  univalves.    The 

inner  lip  (columella)  may  be  curved,  horizontal,  oblique, 

plaited,  or  straight.     The  outer  lip  may  be  acute,  alated, 

digitated. 
Ligament.     The   transverse  fibres  which  tie  the  two  valves 

together.     They  are  generally  just  behind  the  umbones. 
Limb.     The  margin  of  bivalve  shells. 
Lingual  ribbon.     See  Tongue.     Also  page  17. 
Longitudinal.     Lengthwise.     In  univalves,  from  the  apex ;  in 

bivalves,  from  the  umbo  to  the  base. 
Mantle.     An  external  thick  skin  which  envelops  the  bodies 

of  mollusks. 

Margined.     With  a  thickened,  or  colored  border. 
Microscopic.     Very  small.     Not  easily  seen  without  a  glass. 
Molluscous.     Soft.     Hence  Mollusks,.  so  ft  animals. 
Muscular  impressions.     The  scars  on  the  inside  of  bivalves, 

caused  by  the  insertion  of  the  adductor  muscles.     They 

are  single  in  the  oyster ;  two,  in  the  unio,  etc. 
Nacre.   The  pearly  substance  of  which  some  shells  are  formed. 

It  lines  the  shell  of  the  Unionidae. 
Nodose.     Knotty. 
Ochreous.     Color  of  yellow  ochre. 
Olivaceous.     A  greenish  olive  color. 
Opaque.     Impervious  to  light. 
Operculum.     A  horny  scale,  or  bony  plate,  attached  to  the 

foot  of  many  mollusks,  which,  when  the  body  is  drawn  in, 

closes  the  shell,  like  a  door. 
Ovate.     Egg-shaped. 
Ovoid.     Egg-shaped. 

Papillate.     Covered  with  dots,  or  pimples, 
Patulous,     Open,  gaping. 


IO8  GLOSSARY. 

Pectinated.     Toothed,  like  a  comb. 

Peristome.  The  margin  of  the  aperture ;  the  mouth  of  the 
shell. 

Pillar.     The  central  column  which  supports  the  spire. 

Plicate.     Folded,  or  plaited. 

Pulmonary.     Relating  to  the  lungs ;  animals  which  breathe. 

Reniform.     Kidney-shaped. 

Reticulated.     Forming  a  network. 

Retractile.    That  can  be  drawn  back.    Ex. ,  tentacles  of  snails. 

Reversed.  Applied  to  shells  whose  spire  winds  in  the  con- 
trary way  to  that  which  is  common.  Ex.,  Physa. 

Revolute.     Rolled  backward. 

Rostrate.     The  elongated  canal  or  beak  of  univalve  shells. 

Rostrum.     The  snout  of  the  animal  of  univalves. 

Rufous.     Reddish-brown. 

Rugose.     Wrinkled. 

Scabrous.     Rough,  harsh,  to  the  feel. 

Sinistral.     Shells  with  the  aperture  on  the  left  side. 

Spire.  This  includes  all  the  volutions  but  the  last,  which  is 
known  as  the  body,  or  body-whorl.  The  form  of  the  spire 
may  be  acute,  concave,  depressed,  discoidal,  obtuse,  etc. 

Striated.     Marked  with  fine  lines ;  longitudinal  or  transverse. 

Sulcated.     Deeply  furrowed. 

Summit.     The  apex,  or  tip  of  the  shell. 

Suture.  The  joining  of  the  whorls  in  the  spire.  It  is  more 
or  less  deeply  impressed,  and  varies  in  its  character. 

Teeth.  The  aperture  of  the  shell  is  often  furnished  with  pro- 
jections from  its  inner  margin,  which  are  called  teeth. 
Ex.,  Triodopsis. 

Teeth,  of  molluscous  animals.     See  Tongue. 

Tentacles.     The  feelers  of  snails,  etc. 

Tongue,  of  the  mollusca,  is  a  horny,  strap-shaped  organ  placed 
within  the  mouth,  and  armed  with  very  numerous  micro- 
scopic teeth,  arranged  accurately  in  rows  both  transverse 
and  longitudinal,  to  the  number,  in  some  species,  of  many 
thousands.  It  serves  to  rasp  off  their  food. 

Transverse.  Crosswise.  The  measure,  or  width  of  a  shell 
horizontally  from  right  to  left. 


GLOSSARY.  IO9 

Truncate.     Appearing  as  if  abruptly  cut  off. 

Tubercle.     A  small  wart  or  pimple. 

Turbinate.     Top-shaped. 

Turgid.     Full,  as  if  swollen. 

Turreted.     Extended  to  a  long  point. 

Umbilicus.     The  perforation  in  the  pillar,  at  the  base  of  the 

shell.     It  may  be  deep,  narrow,  wide,  etc. 
Umbo.     Umbones.     The  protuberance  seen  on  the  valves  of 

most  bivalve  shells,  near  the  hinge.     The  part  first  formed. 

It  presents  various  interesting  characters. 
Undulated.     Waved. 
Univalve.     Composed   of  one   valve,   or   piece.     They   are 

mostly  spiral,  sometimes  conical,  as  in  Ancylus. 
Valve.     Signifies  one  of  the  valves  of  a  bivalve  shell.     The 

two  valves  constitute  only  one  shell, 

Varices.     Longitudinal  ribs,  crossing  the  whorls  of  univalves. 
Venter.     The  belly.     The  right  hand  portion  of  the  body 

whorl  of  univalves  ;  and  the  base,  or  lower  edge  of  bivalves. 
Ventricose.     Inflated,  bulged  in  the  middle. 
Verrucose.     Warty. 
Viscid.     Glutinous.     Ex.,  the  slugs. 
Whorl.     One  turn  of  a  spiral  shell. 

10 


INDEX  OF  GENERA,  AND  SPECIES. 


ACEPHALA,  85. 

Acicula,  54. 

acicula,  Mull.,  54. 
Alasmodonta,  Say,  91. 

arcuata,  Barnes,  91. 

edentula,  Say,  95. 

marginata,  Say,  93. 
Amnicola,  Gould  and  Hald.,  79. 

decisa,  Hald.,  80. 

grarfa,  Say,  80. 

limosa,  Say,  79. 
AMNICOLID^E,  79. 
Anodon,  Cuvier,  93. 

edentula,  Say,  95. 

fluviatilis,  Dill,  93. 

implicata,  Say,  93. 

Tryonii,  Lea,  95. 

undulata,  Say,  94. 
Anculosa,  Say,  84. 

dissimilis,  Say,  84. 
Ancylus,  Geoff.,  73. 

rivularis,  Say,  73. 

tardus,  Say,  74. 
Anguispira,  Morse,  34. 

alternata,  Say,  35. 
AURICULID^:,  60. 

BRANCHIFERA,  85. 
Buccinum,  Linn.,  54. 

acicula,  Mull.,  54. 

virginicum,  Gmel.,  84. 
Bulimus,  52. 

lubricoides,  Stimp.,  52. 

lubricus,  Say,  52. 
Bulinus,  68. 

hypnorum,  Linn.,  68. 
Bythinella,  Moq.,  Tand.,  80. 

Nickliniana,  Stimp.,  81. 


Carychium,  Gray,  60. 
exiguum,  Say,  60. 

CORBICULID^E,  96. 

Cyclas,  Burg.,  97. 

fabalis,  Prime,  99. 

partumeium,  Say,  loo.        , 

rosaceum,  Prime,  100. 

securis,  Prime,  IOI. 

similis,  Say,  98. 

stamineum,  Con.,  99. 

striatinurti,  Lam.,  98. 

transversum,  Say,  97. 
Cyclostoma,  Mont.,  55. 

lapidaria,  Say,  82. 

marginala,  Say,  55. 

tricarinata,  Say,  78. 

GASTEROPODA,  15. 
GEOPHILA,  18. 
Goniobasis,  Lea,  83. 

virginica,  Gmel.,  84. 

var,  multilineata,  Say,  84. 
Gyraulus,  Agass.,  71. 

albus,  Mull.,  72. 

deflectus,  Say,  71. 

dilatatus,  Gould,  72. 

parvus,  Say,  72. 

HELICID^E,  24. 
Helicodiscus,  Morse,  47. 

lineatus,  Say,  48. 
Helisoma,  Swain,  69. 

bicarinata,  Say,  70. 

trivolvis,  Say,  70. 

var.  fallax,  Hald.,  70. 
Helix,  Linn.,  26. 

albolabris,  Say,  26. 

alternata,  Say,  35. 

Ill 


112 


INDEX. 


Helix  appressa,  Say,  31. 

arboreus,  Say,  42. 

bucculenta,  Gould,  29. 
var.  rufa,  Michener,  29. 

cellaria,  Mull,  41. 

clausa,  Say,  28. 

concava,  Say,  36. 

demissa,  Binn.,  38. 

dentifera,  Binn.,  30. 

diodonta,  Say,  27. 

electrina,  Say,  42. 

fallax,  Say,  32. 

fuliginosa,  Griff.,  37. 

gularis,^,^       1 1\ 

hirsuta,  Say,  34. 

hydrophila,  Ingalls,  42. 

indentata,  Say,  41. 

inflecta,  Say,  33. 

inornata,  Say,  37. 

interna,  Say,  39. 

introferens,  Bid.,  32. 
var.  minor,  32. 

labyrinthica,  Say,  46. 

Icevigata,  Pfr.,  37. 

/#mz,  Say,  37. 

lineata,  Say,  48. 

minuscula,  Binn.,  43. 

minuta,  Say,  44. 

minutissima,  Lea,  48. 

monodon,  Rackett,  33. 

palliata,  Say,  30. 

Pennsylvania,  Green,  27. 

>«/»,  De  Kay,  29. 

Sayii,  Binn.,  27. 

striatella,  Anth.,  45. 

subplana,  Binn.,  38. 

suppressa,  Say,  38. 

thyroides,  Say,  28. 

tridentata,  Say,  31. 
Hyalina,  Fer.,  40. 

arborea,  Say,  42. 

cellaria,  Mull.,  41. 

electrina,  Gould,  42. 

hydrophila,  Ingalls,  42. 

indentata,  Say,  41. 

INOPERCULATA,  18-60. 


Leucocheila,  Alb.  and  Mart.,  54. 
armifera,  Say,  56. 
contracta,  Say,  56. 
corticaria,  Say,  57. 
fallax,  Say,  56. 
marginata,  Say,  55. 
pentodon,  Say,  55. 

LlMACID^E,  21. 

Limax,  Fer.,  21. 

agrestis,  Linn.,  22. 

campestris,  Binn.,  23. 

carolinensis,  Bosc,  19. 

flavus,  Linn.,  21. 

maximus,  Linn.,  23. 
Limncea,  Lam.,  62. 

caperatus,  Say,  66. 

catoscopium,  Say,  64. 

columella,  Say,  63. 

desidiosa,  Say,  65. 

elodes,  Say,  64. 

humilis,  Say,  65. 

macrostomus,  Say,  63. 

reflexus,  Say,  65. 
LIMN^ID^:,  61. 

LlMNOPHILA,  60. 

Limnophysa,  Fitz.,  64. 

caperata,  Say,  66. 

catoscopium,  Say,  64. 

desidiosa,  Say,  65. 

elodes,  Say,  64. 

humilis,  Say,  65. 

reflexa,  Say,  65. 
Lioplax,  Troschel,  76. 

subcarinata,  Say,  77. 

Macrocyclis,  Beck,  36. 

concava,  Say,  36. 
Margaritana,  Schum.,  91. 

margaritifera,  Linn.,  91. 

marginata,  Say,  93. 

undulata,  Say,  92. 
Melania,  Lam.,  83. 

altilis,  Lea,  83. 
Melantho,  Bowditch,  75. 

decisa,  Say,  74. 
Menetus,  H.  B.  Ad.,  71. 


INDEX. 


Menetus  exacutus,  Say,  71. 
Mesodon,  Raf.,  26. 

albolabris,  Say,  26. 

bucculenta,  Gould,  29. 
var.  rufa,  Michener,  29. 

clausa,  Say,  28. 

dentifera,  Binn.,  30. 

Pennsylvanica,  Green,  27. 

palliata,  Say,  30. 

Sayii,  Binn.,  27. 

thyroides,  Say,  28. 
MOLLUSCA,  13. 
My  a  complanatus,  Solander,  86. 

margaritifera,  Linn.,  92. 
Mytilus  fluvialis,  Dillw.,  93. 

OPERCULATA,  74. 

Pallifera,  Morse,  20. 

dorsalis,  Binn.,  20. 
Paludina  decisa,  Say,  75. 

dissimilis,  Say,  84. 

grana,  Say,  80. 

limosa,  Say,  79. 

lustrica,  Say,  82. 

Nickliniana,  Lea,  8l. 

subcarinata,  Say,  77- 
Patula,  Hald.,  45. 

striatella,  Anth.,  45. 
PECTINIBRANCHIATA,  74. 
PHILOMYCID^E,  18. 
Philomycus,  20. 

dorsalis,  20. 
Physa,  Drap.,  66. 

ancillaria,  Say,  66. 

gyrina,  Say,  67. 

heterostropha,  Say,  67. 

hypnorum,  Linn.,  68. 

lata,  Tryon,  68. 
Pisidium,  Pfr.,  101.     . 

abditum,  Hald.,  103. 

compression,  Prime,  101. 

variabile,  Prime,  102. 

virginicum,  Gmel.,  102. 
Planorbella,  Hald.,  69. 

campanulatus,  Say,  69. 

10* 


Planorbis,  Mull.,  69. 

albus,  Mull.,  72. 

armigerus,  Say,  73. 

bicarinatus,  Say,  70. 

campanulata,  Say,  69. 

deftectus,  Say,  71. 

dilatatus,  Gould,  72. 

exacutus,  Say,  71. 

parvus,  Say,  72. 

trivolvis,  Say,  70. 

vzr.fallax,  Hald.,  70. 
Planorbula,  Hald.,  72. 

armigera,  Say,  73. 
Pomatiopsis,  Tryon,  81. 

lapidaria,  Say,  82. 

lustrica,  Say,  82. 
Pseudo-hyalina,  Morse,  43. 

minuscula,  Binn.,  43. 

PULMONIFERA,   1 8. 

Punctum,  Morse,  48. 

minutissimum,  Lea,  48. 
Pupa  armifera,  Say,  56. 

contracfa,  Say,  56. 

corticaria,  Say,  57. 

decora,  Gould,  58. 

exigua,  Say,  60. 

fallax,  Say,  56. 

Gouldii,  Binn.,  59. 

milium,  Gould,  59. 
PUPAD^E,  51. 

Radix,  Montf.,  62. 

columella,  Say,  63. 
macrostoma,  63. 

ROSTRIFERA,  74. 

Somatogyrus,  82. 

altilis,  Lea,  83. 
Sphaerium,  Scop.,  96. 

fabalis,  Prime,  99. 

partumeium,  Say,  100. 

rosaceum,  Prime,  100. 

securis,  Prime,  101. 

simile,  Say,  98. 

stamineum,  Con.,  99. 

striatinum,  Lam.,  98. 
j  transversum,  Say,  97. 

H 


114 


INDEX. 


Stenotrema,  Raf.,  33. 

hirsuta,  Say,  34. 

monodon,  Rackett,  33. 
STREPOMATID^E,  83. 
Strobila,  Morse,  46. 

labyrinthica,  Say,  46. 
Succinea,  50. 

avara,  Say,  51. 

obliqua,  Say,  50. 

ovalis,  Gould,  50. 
SUCCINID^E,  49. 

Tebennophorus,  Binn.,  19. 

carolinensis,  Bosc,  19. 
Tellina  mrginica,  Gmel.,  102. 
Triodopsis,  Raf.,  30. 

appressa,  Say,  31. 

fallax,  Say,  32. 

inflecta,  Say,  32. 

introferans,  Bland,  32. 
var.  minor,  Bland,  32. 

tridentata,  Say,  31. 

Unio,  Retz,  86. 

cariosus,  Say,  88. 
complanatus,  Sol.,  86. 
Fisherianus,  Lea,  90. 
heterodon,  Lea,  91. 
nasutus,  Say,  90. 
ochraceus,  Say,  89. 
purpureus.  Say,  86. 


Unio  radiatus,  Lam.,  87. 
Tappanianus,  Lea,  89. 
undulatus,  Say,  92. 
86. 


Vallonia,  43. 

minuta,  Say,  44. 

var.  costata,  Say,  44. 
Valvata,  Miill.,  78. 

tricarinata,  Say,  78. 
VALVATID^;,  77. 
Vertigo,  Mull.,  57. 

decora,  Gould,  58. 

Gouldii,  Binn.,  59. 

milium,  Gould,  59. 

ovata,  Say,  57. 

pentodon,  Say,  55. 

VlVIPARID^E,  74. 

Zonites,  37. 

demissus,  Binn.,  39. 

fuliginosus,  Griff.,  37. 

gularis,  Say,  39. 

inornatus,  Say,  38. 

internus,  Say,  39. 

Isevigatus,  Pfr.,  38. 

ligerus,  Say,  39. 

subplanus,  Binn.,  38. 

suppressus,  Say,  40. 
Zua,  Leach,  52. 

lubricoidea,  Stimp.,  52. 


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